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. 2022 Feb 7;12:2005. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-06052-7

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Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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A schematic overview summarizing the experimental design. Caspase-1, caspase-4 and NLRP3-knockdown bladder epithelial cells and Cas9 controls were infected with the UPEC strain CFT073. Measurement of gene expression and cytokine release (IL-1β, IL-18, IL-8) from infected cells was evaluated by ELISA. Conditioned medium collected from respective knockdown cell line was analyzed by proteomics using a panel of inflammatory proteins. The conditioned medium was also used to evaluate ROS production and phagocytosis in neutrophils and cell proliferation from bladder epithelial cells (created with Biorender.com).