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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Semin Cancer Biol. 2021 Aug 8;86(Pt 2):1076–1085. doi: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.07.018

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2.

Mechanisms by which PVNPs can activate an innate immune response. PVNPs can act as ligands for PRRs which activate transcription factors that activate the cell and induce the production of cytokines and chemokines, which help direct a particular immune response, such as a TH1 or TH2 type response, as well as influence the immune cells that are recruited to the site of injection. Inflammasome activation is associated with activation of some TLRs stimulated by PVNPs. These pathways also influence antigen presentation by MHC.