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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Semin Cancer Biol. 2021 Aug 8;86(Pt 2):1076–1085. doi: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.07.018

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4.

Examples of PVNP -based cancer immunotherapies. A) PVNP based vaccines; HER2 antigen conjugated to Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) and Potato virus x (PVX) nanoparticles resulted in higher antibody responses (image copywrite [58]). B) PVNP based stimulatory agents; CpG ODN1826 is encapsulated by the in vitro disassembly and reassembly of Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) and significantly enhances the efficacy of ODN1826, slowing tumor growth and prolonging survival in mouse models (image copyright [65]). C) PVNPs as monotherapy; in situ vaccination of PVNPs based CPMV, CCMV, Physalis mosaic virus (PhMV), Sesbania mosaic virus (SeMV) overcomes the local immunosuppression and stimulates a potent anti-tumor response in several mouse cancer models. PVNPs-based combination therapies leading to a potent anti-tumor immune response (image copyright [87]). D) CPMV in situ vaccination (ISV) and CD47-blocking antibodies (image copyright [89]). E) ISV of CPMV and radiation therapy (image copyright [66]). F) ISV of CPMV and chemotherapy agents (image copyright [35]).