Table 1.

A summary of multifunctional PVNPs for cancer immunotherapies

Immunotherapies functions	PVNP	Delivery agents	Tumor candidate	Function and major effect	Ref
Vaccine delivery	PVX	HPV-E7 antigen	Cervical cancers	Induce a humoral and cell immune response	[59, 60]
	PVX, CPMV, CCMV, SeMV, TMV	HER2 epitopes	Breast cancer	Production of HER2-specific antibodies in mice	[34, 58, 61, 62]
	CPMV	NYESO-1157–165	NY-ESO 1+malignancies	Uptake and activation of antigen presenting cells and stimulated a potent CD8+T cell response in transgenic human HLA-A2 expressing mice	[63]
	PVX	Idiotypic (Id)	B-cell lymphoma	Induction of strong antibody response	[64]
	TMV	Peptide p15	Melanoma	Improve the survival in mouse model	[43]
Adjuvant delivery	CCMV	CpG	Colon cancer and Melanoma	Enhances the efficacy of CpG, slowing tumor growth in mouse models	[65]
Monotherapy	CPMV, TMV, PVX, AMV	No antigen	Melanoma, Breast, Glioma and Ovarian cancer	Anti tumor activity by innate and adaptive immune responses	[29, 35, 38, 45, 53, 66] [29][67] [68]