Table I.

Seven interconnected principles for enhancing resilience in conservation (adapted from Biggs et al., 2012)

Principle		Importance to conservation resilience	Examples of ecological components	Examples of socio-cultural components
Properties to be managed
1	Maintain diversity and redundancy	Provides mitigation against impacts and back-up options for responding to change and disturbance	Species, genes, habitat patches	Livelihood strategies, social groups, cultural lifeways
2	Manage connectivity	Movement of material, resources, or information is facilitated by the strength and structure of linkages	Habitat corridors	Social networks between actors
3	Manage slow variables and feedbacks	Underlying variables that regulate or stabilise the system can cause dramatic changes if critical thresholds are exceeded	Flood regulation, disease control, climate	Traditions, cultural values, legal systems
Attributes to be incorporated into governance system
4	Foster understanding of social–ecological systems as complex adaptive systems	Emphasises holistic, flexible approaches to managing multiple dynamic components
5	Encourage learning and experimentation	Enables on-going knowledge growth and collaborative solution development to respond to change
6	Broaden participation	Improves understanding of system dynamics, legitimacy, and cooperation
7	Promote polycentric governance systems (multi-level, nested hierarchies)	Capitalises on scale-specific knowledge and directs resources and responsibilities at most effective level