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. 2022 Jan 25;11:822882. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.822882

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Copyright © 2022 Costantini, Vanpouille, Firrincieli, Cappelletti, Margolis and Ñahui Palomino

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Concentration effect of bacterial EVs on HIV-1 replication. MT-4 cells infected with HIV-1_Lai.04 were cultured in presence of bacterial EVs [S. aureus (A), E. faecium (B), E. faecalis (C), and G. vaginalis (D)] at different EV concentrations, 1×10⁷, 1×10⁸, 1×10⁹, and 1×10¹⁰ EVs/mL. After 3 days of culture, HIV-1 replication was evaluated from measurements of the concentration of p24_gag in the cell culture medium. The data are presented as percentages of HIV-1 replication compared with untreated controls. Presented are means ± SEM from six independent measurements. Asterisks indicate statistical significance by one-way ANOVA multiple comparison with Dunnett’s correction (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001).