Figure 8.

Bacterial EV-associated protein role during HIV-1 infection. The proteins associated to bacterial EVs were digested with PK followed by an ulterior ultracentrifugation to obtain bacterial EVs free of surface proteins. HIV-1_LAI.04 was pre-treated with 1×10¹⁰ PK-treated EVs derived from S. aureus, E. faecium, E. faecalis, or G. vaginalis, or with PK (PBS treated with PK and purified by ultracentrifugation), or with PBS (control) for 1 h. Next, HIV-1_LAI.04 virions were captured with PG9 (A) or VRC01 (B) antibodies. Also, the antiviral effect of PK-treated bacterial EVs in MT-4 cells infected with HIV_LAI.04 was evaluated (C). The amount of virus captured and the amount of virus present on cell culture medium were determined from measurement of the levels of viral p24_gag. Data are presented as percentages of p24_gag concentration compared with the control (PBS). Presented are means ± SEM from three independent measurements. Statistical analysis was performed with one-way ANOVA multiple comparison.