Table 5.
Biological properties of M. balsamina extracts and isolated compounds
| Compound/Composition of the extract | Type of assay | Cell type/Bacteria/Animal model | Major findings/ Therapeutic action/pathway | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antidiabetic activity | ||||
| Aqueous and organic extracts from stems and flowers | In vitro | Chang liver and Murine C2C12 myoblasts | 50 µg/mL of extract stimulate glucose utilization in hepatocytes (3 h treatment) and myocytes (1 h treatment). However, treatment during 48 h with 12 µg/mL of extracts exhibited some degree of toxicity | Van de Venter et al. (2008) |
| Chloroform fruits extract | In vivo | Streptozotocin–nicotinamide-induced diabetic animals | 250 mg/kg/day (during 1 week) lowers elevated blood glucose level | Kaushik et al. (2017) |
| Methanol extract from stem, roots, leaves and seeds | In vivo | Alloxan induced diabetic rabbits | Treatment with 200 mg/kg of extract during 24 h induces a reduction in blood glucose levels | Sani et al. (2019) |
| Antibacterial Activity | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ethyl acetate aerial parts extract | In vitro | Enterococcus faecalis |
Growth inhibition activity MIC = 7.5 μg/mL (determined after 24 h of incubation) |
Madureira et al. (2012) |
| Karavilagenin C (17) | In vitro | Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) COLOXA | Inhibition of the efflux pump system. At 3 µM increased the intracellular accumulation of ethidium bromide (30 min period) | Ramalhete et al. (2011c) |
| Balsaminagenin B (4) | In vitro | Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29,212 | Inhibition of the efflux pump system. At 30 µM increased the intracellular accumulation of on accumulation of ethidium bromide (30 min period) | Ramalhete et al. (2011c) |
| Balsamin | In vitro |
Staphylococcus epidermidis Staphylococcus aureus |
MIC (S. epidermidis) = 1.56 µg/mL (24 h of incubation) MIC (S. aureus) = 6.25 µg/mL (24 h of incubation) |
Ajji et al. (2016) |
| Antiviral activity | ||||
| Balsamin | In vitro |
Jurkat T cell line and human primary CD4 + T cells (HIV assays) A549 (influenza virus assay) |
Balsamin, at 0.22 µM, inhibits HIV-1 replication, by interfering with the translation step of the viral proteins (P55, P41 and P24) (effects accessed after 3 days of treatment) Al same dose also impedes influenza virus replication (24 h treatment) |
Kaur et al. (2013) |
| Antioxidant activity | ||||
| Methanol leaf extract | In vitro | 2,2- diphenyl-1-pycril hydrazyl (DPPH) photometric assay | At 100,000 µg/ml reach 92 – 96% free radical scavenge capacity. Rutin at 610.5 µg/ml was used as control (100%). Extract was allowed to react for 30 min at room temperature | Odhav et al. (2007), Akula and Odhav (2008) |
| Anti-inflammatory activity | ||||
| Aqueous leaves extract | In vivo | Egg albumin-induced oedema rat | At 400 mg/kg significantly reduced the edema induced by egg albumin with higher extent than the standard anti-inflammatory compound aspirin (at 30 mg/kg) | Karumi et al. (2003) |
| Methanol leaves extract | In vitro | Soybean lipoxygenase | Potent inhibition of the 5-lipoxygenase (5-Lox) activity with an IC50 of 40.3 µg/mL | Akula and Odhav (2008) |
| Aqueous leaves extract | In vitro | COX-1, COX-2 enzymatic assays | At a concentration of 2000 µg/mL exhibited anti-inflammatory activity through inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 | Ndhlala et al. (2011) |
| Hepatoprotective activity | ||||
| Ethanol leaves extract | In vivo |
Carbon tetrachloride liver injury induced in Wistar albino rats |
250 mg/kg/day induce a decrease in serum levels of SGOT (23.8%), SGPT (28.5%), ALP (17.8%) and bilirubin (38.2%). Silymarin (10 mg/kg/day) was used as positive control and induced a reduction of 65.1% (SGOT), 72.2% (SGPT), 41.1% (ALP), and 62.2% (bilirubin) respectively | Alqasoumi et al. (2009) |
| Antinociceptive (analgesic) activity | ||||
| Aqueous leaves extract | In vivo | Acetic acid-induced writhes and stretches in rats | Induced pain threshold increases in a dose dependent manner. Protective effect of 200 mg/kg of extract (55% protection) was found to be higher than that of 30 mg/kg pentazocine (48.8% protection) | Karumi et al. (2003) |
| Anti-ulcer activity | ||||
| Aqueous leaves extract | In vivo | Ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in Wistar rats | At 800 mg/kg revealed an effect on treatment and prevention of ulceration comparable to that of ranitidine (100 mg/kg). Pre-treatment with extract/ranitidine 1 h before ethanol-induced ulcer. Results accessed 1 h after the administration of ethanol | Mshelia et al. (2017) |
| Antidiarrheal activity | ||||
| Methanol fruit extract | In vivo | Castor oil induced diarrhea in Swiss albino mice. | At 800 mg/kg avoid castor oil induced diarrhea by inhibiting intestinal secretion and transit time. Loperamide (5 mg/kg) and atropine at 3 mg/kg) were used as reference drugs with similar or better results | Okpara et al. (2017) |