Table 1.
Characteristics of validation studies.
| References | Camera(s) used for Markerless System | Markerless set-up | Validation methods | Task | Lower limb kinematics |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capecci et al. (2016) | Kinect (v2) | Single camera | Marker-based (BTS Bioengineering System) | Squat | Knee and hip |
| Ceseracciu et al. (2014) | BTS Bioengineering cameras | Multi-camera | Marker-based (BTS Bioengineering System) | Walking overground | Ankle, knee, and hip |
| Chakraborty et al. (2020) | Kinect (v2) | Single camera | Marker-based (Optotrak System) | Walking on treadmill | Knee, hip, and pelvis |
| Corazza et al. (2006) | Color video cameras | Multi-camera | Virtual environment validation | Running overground | Ankle, knee, and hip |
| Corazza et al. (2007) | VGA cameras | Multi-camera | Marker-based | Hip abduction-adduction and flexion-extension | Joint center hip |
| Corazza et al. (2008) | VGA cameras | Multi-camera | Meshes from laser scan of marker-based methods | Walking overground | Ankle, knee, and hip |
| Corazza et al. (2010) | AVT Pike VGA color cameras | Multi-camera | Marker-based (Qualisys System) | Gymnastic movements, walking, running, and balancing tasks | Joint centers ankle, knee, and hip |
| Eltoukhy et al. (2017) | Kinect (v2) | Single camera | Marker-based (BTS Bioengineering System) | Star Excursion Balance Test | Ankle, knee, and hip |
| Gray et al. (2017) | Kinect (v2) | Single camera | Marker-based (Vicon System) | Drop vertical jump | Knee |
| Guess et al. (2017) | Kinect (v2) | Single camera | Marker-based (Vicon System) | Drop vertical jump and hip abduction | Knee and hip |
| Harsted et al. (2019) | GoPro cameras | Multi-camera | Marker-based (Vicon System) | Squat, vertical jump, box drops, drop vertical jump, and standing broad jump | Ankle, knee, and hip |
| Kotsifaki et al. (2018) | Kinect (v2) | Multi-camera | Marker-based (BTS Bioengineering System) | Single leg squat, single leg jump, and countermovement jump | Knee and hip |
| Macpherson et al. (2016) | Kinect (v1) | Single camera | Marker-based (Vicon System) | Walking and running on a treadmill | Pelvis |
| Mauntel et al. (2017) | Kinect (v1) | Single camera | Expert raters of the LESS | Jump landing | Knee |
| Mentiplay et al. (2015) | Kinect (v2) | Single camera | Marker-based (Vicon System) | Walking overground | Ankle, knee, and hip |
| Nakano et al. (2020) | GZRY980 video cameras | Multi-camera | Marker-based (Motion Analysis Corp) | Walking overground, countermovement jump and ball throwing | Ankle, knee, and hip |
| Perrott et al. (2017) | Organic motion | Multi-camera | Marker-based (Vicon System) | Knee flexion test and single limb squat | Knee |
| Sandau (2015) | Camera Link cameras | Multi-camera | Marker-based | Walking overground | Ankle, knee, and hip |
| Sandau et al. (2014) | Camera Link cameras | Multi-camera | Marker-based (Ariel Performance Analysis System) | Walking overground | Ankle, knee, and hip |
| Schmitz et al. (2015) | Kinect* | Single camera | Marker-based (Motion Analysis Corp) | Squat | Knee and hip |
| Tanaka et al. (2019) | Kinect (v2) | Single camera | Marker-based (Vicon System) | Functional reach test | Ankle and hip |
| Tipton et al. (2019) | Kinect (v2) | Single camera | Marker-based (Vicon System) | Single and double limb drop landing, Single limb hop | Knee |
| do Carmo Vilas-Boas et al. (2019) | Kinect (v1 and v2) | Single camera | Marker-based (Qualisys System) | Forwards and backwards walking overground | Ankle, knee, and hip |
| Wochatz et al. (2019) | Kinect (v2) | Single camera | Marker-based (Vicon System) | Squat, hip abduction, and lunge | Knee and hip |
| Xu et al. (2015) | Kinect* | Single camera | Marker-based (Optotrak Certus System) | Walking on a treadmill | Ankle, knee, and hip |
*
Version or model not specified.