TABLE 5.
Biological effects and health benefits of C. colocynthis.
| Plant part | Traditional use | Specie | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dried fruit pulp | Gastrointestinal disorders | Human | Hussain et al. (2014) |
| Fruit | Antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory | Human | Hussain et al. (2014) |
| Fruit | Cold, diarrhea, deworming, antipyretic, expulsion wind, treatment of tumors, ascites, leukoplakia, ulcers, asthma, bronchitis, diabetes insipidus, jaundice, splenomegaly, neck tuberculosis, constipation, anemia, diseases of the throat, elephantiasis, and joint pain | Human | Pravin et al. (2013) |
| Root | Jaundice, ascites, diseases of the urinary system, rheumatism, and to treat an enlarged abdomen, and cough | Human | Pravin et al. (2013) |
| Ethanolic extract of the C. colocynthis/aqueous and diluted acetone extracts/ethyl acetate extract from leaves | Anti-bacterial | Bacteria (Gram-positive and Gram-negative) | Hameed et al. (2020), Khatibi and Teymorri. (2011), Chawech et al. (2015) |
| Ethanol extraction of C. colocynthis | Anti-hyperglycemic | Rat | Oryan et al. (2014) |
| Seed | Anti- Heat stress | Poultry | Alzarah et al. (2021) |
| Hydroalcoholic peel extract | Cardioprotective | Rabbit | Tabani et al. (2018) |
| Hydro-alcoholic leaf extract | Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic | Rat | Ebrahimi et al. (2016) |
| Colocynth oil | Anti-obesity | Rat | Meziane et al. (2012) |
| The ethanol extract of C. colocynthis fruit | Anti-mycotic | Plant pathogenic fungi | Hadizadeh et al. (2009), Hameed et al. (2020) |
| Ethanol extract of C. colocynthis | Antifertility | Rat | Chaturvedi et al. (2003) |
| C. colocynthis plant | Diabetes, liver problems. weak bowel movements, Obstruction, or paralysis of the intestine | Rahimi et al. (2012) | |
| Fruit extract | Analgesic | Human | Hyderi et al. (2015) |
| Leaves | Anticancerous, Anti-adipogenic, and hypolipidemic | Human | Perveen et al. (2020) |
| C. colocynthis | Anti-fertility | Human | Amal et al. (2016) |
| C. colocynthis fruit extract | Anti-tumor | Human cell lines | Saeed et al. (2019) |
| C. colocynthis fruit | Anthelmintic | Animals | Qureshi et al. (2010) |
| C. colocynthis oil | Constipation | Human | Qureshi et al. (2010) |
| C. colocynthis extract | Anti-cancer | Human | Abdulridha et al. (2020) |
| C. colocynthis pulp and seed | Anti-diabetic | Rabbit | Shafaei et al. (2014) |
| C. colocynthis fruit | Anti-diabetic | Human | Huseini et al. (2009) |
| Hydro-alcoholic C. colocynthis fruit extract | Anti-diarrheal | Rat | Dhakad. (2017) |
| Hydro-ethanolic pulpy flesh of C. colocynthis with its seeds | Anti-hyperglycemic | Rat | Ghauri et al. (2020) |
| C. colocynthis extract | Anti-oxidant | Benariba et al. (2013) | |
| C. colocynthis fruit extract | Anti-convulsant | Rat | Mehrzadi et al. (2016) |
| Leaf and root extract | Skin disorders | Humans | Upadhyay et al. (2007) |
| Roots paste | Joint problems | Humans | Upadhyay et al. (2007) |
| C. colocynthis | Anti-obesity | Rat | Sari et al. (2019) |