Table 2. Chemical contaminants in bovine milk reported in literature.
Compounds | Type of milk | MRL a (μg/kg) | MRL b (μg/kg) | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pesticides | Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) | Raw | - | - | 11 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 |
Pasteurized | - | - | 52 , 53 , 51 | ||
UHT | - | - | 47 | ||
Butachlor | Raw | - | - | 11 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 54 | ||
Cyhalothrin | Raw | 30 | 50 | 11 , 55 , 56 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 54 | ||
Cypermethrin | Raw | 100 | 20 | 11 , 56 , 57 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 54 , 58 , 59 | ||
Fenvalerate | Raw | - | 40 | 11 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 59 | ||
Deltamethrin | Raw | 30 | 20 | 11 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 55 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 60 | ||
Malathion | Raw | - | - | 11 , 61 , 62 | |
Chlorpyrifos | Raw | - | - | 11 , 55 , 56 , 61 , 55 , 60 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 54 , 58 , 59 , 60 | ||
UHT | - | - | 60 | ||
Carbofuran | Raw | - | - | 55 , 62 | |
Permethrin | Raw | - | 50 | 56 , 57 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 54 , 58 , 59 | ||
Profenophos | Raw | - | - | 11 , 60 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 54 , 60 | ||
UHT | - | - | 60 | ||
Ethion | Raw | - | - | 11 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 54 , 63 | ||
Dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) | Raw | - | - | 11 , 64 , 65 , 47 , 66 , 48 , 50 , 51 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 64 , 52 , 54 , 67 , 51 | ||
UHT | - | - | 47 | ||
Dicofol | Pasteurized | - | - | 59 | |
Aldrin+Dieldrin | Raw | - | - | 64 , 47 , 49 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 64 , 53 | ||
UHT | - | - | 47 | ||
Endrin | Raw | - | - | 68 , 69 , 49 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 70 , 53 , 54 , 67 | ||
Fipronil | Raw | - | - | 11 , 65 , 60 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 54 , 60 | ||
Hexaflumuron | Raw | - | - | 65 | |
Teflubenzuron | Raw | - | - | 65 | |
Diflufenican | Raw | - | - | 65 | |
Piperophos | Raw | - | - | 65 | |
Dimethoate | Raw | - | - | 60 , 62 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 60 | ||
Atrazine | Pasteurized | - | - | 58 , 59 | |
Diazinon | Raw | - | 20 | 62 , 60 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 58 , 59 , 60 | ||
UHT | - | - | 60 | ||
Lindane | Raw | - | - | 64 , 51 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 64 , 51 | ||
Endosulfane | Raw | - | - | 11 , 65 , 47 , 68 , 48 , 71 , 49 , 51 , 56 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 52 , 70 , 53 , 54 , 67 | ||
UHT | - | - | 47 | ||
Hexachlorobenzene | Raw | - | - | 72 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 70 , 58 , 59 | ||
Heptachlor epoxide | Raw | - | - | 65 , 47 , 73 , 68 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 59 | ||
UHT | - | - | 47 , 73 | ||
Heptachlor | Raw | - | - | 68 , 69 , 51 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 73 , 52 , 70 , 51 | ||
UHT | - | - | 73 | ||
Chlordane | Pasteurized | - | - | 52 , 53 , 67 | |
Methoxychlor | Raw | - | - | 47 , 69 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 54 | ||
UHT | - | - | 47 | ||
Azoxystrobin | Pasteurized | - | - | 74 | |
Chlorantranilliprole | Pasteurized | - | - | 74 | |
Flubendiamide | Pasteurized | - | - | 74 | |
Imidacloprid | Raw | - | - | 55 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 74 | ||
Lufenuron | Pasteurized | - | - | 74 | |
Metalaxyl | Pasteurized | - | - | 74 | |
Novaluron | Pasteurized | - | - | 74 | |
Uniconazol | Pasteurized | - | - | 74 | |
Monuron | Pasteurized | - | - | 75 | |
Methabenzthiazuron | Pasteurized | - | - | 75 | |
Buturon | Pasteurized | - | - | 75 | |
Linuron | Pasteurized | - | - | 75 | |
Aziprotryne | Pasteurized | - | - | 75 | |
Bitertanol | Pasteurized | - | - | 75 | |
Clofentezine | Pasteurized | - | - | 75 | |
Methyl Parathion | Raw | - | - | 62 , 76 | |
Metals | Cadmium | Raw | - | - | 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 |
Pasteurized | - | - | 87 , 77 , 88 | ||
UHT | - | - | 89 , 90 | ||
Lead | Raw | - | - | 77 , 91 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 92 , 85 , 86 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 87 , 77 , 93 , 88 | ||
UHT | - | - | 92 , 94 , 89 , 90 | ||
Copper | Raw | - | - | 77 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 84 , 92 , 89 , 88 , 85 , 86 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 87 , 77 , 93 , 88 | ||
UHT | - | - | 92 , 94 , 89 , 90 | ||
Zinc | Raw | - | - | 77 , 95 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 88 , 85 , 96 , 86 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 77 , 93 , 88 , 96 | ||
UHT | - | - | 94 , 89 , 90 | ||
Selenium | Raw | - | - | 82 , 85 , 96 , 86 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 96 | ||
UHT | - | - | 94 | ||
Chromium | Raw | - | - | 77 , 91 , 88 , 85 , 96 , 86 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 77 , 93 , 88 , 96 | ||
UHT | - | - | 90 | ||
Nickel | Raw | - | - | 77 , 91 , 79 , 97 , 88 , 85 , 86 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 77 , 93 , 88 | ||
UHT | - | - | 94 , 89 | ||
Iron | Raw | - | - | 80 , 82 , 89 , 88 , 85 , 96 , 86 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 93 , 88 , 96 | ||
UHT | - | - | 94 , 89 , 90 | ||
Arsenic | Raw | - | - | 98 , 91 , 83 , 84 , 97 , 88 , 85 , 96 , 86 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 88 , 96 | ||
Magnesium | Raw | - | - | 95 , 82 , 83 , 88 , 85 , 86 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 93 , 88 | ||
UHT | - | - | 90 | ||
Manganese | Raw | - | - | 82 , 89 , 88 , 85 , 86 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 93 , 88 | ||
UHT | - | - | 89 , 90 | ||
Aluminum | Raw | - | - | 98 , 91 , 85 , 96 , 86 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 96 | ||
Molybdenum | Raw | - | - | 98 , 86 | |
Mercury | Raw | - | - | 91 , 84 , 99 , 97 , 88 , 86 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 88 | ||
UHT | - | - | 94 | ||
Tin | Raw | - | - | 97 , 85 , 86 | |
Cobalt | Raw | - | - | 77 , 79 , 89 , 88 , 86 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 77 , 88 | ||
UHT | - | - | 94 , 89 | ||
Antibiotics | Oxytetracycline | Raw | 100 | 100 | 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 |
Pasteurized | - | - | 106 , 58 , 107 , 102 , 108 , 105 , 109 | ||
UHT | - | - | 102 , 108 | ||
Lincomycin | Raw | 150 | 150 | 100 , 101 , 110 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 111 , 112 | ||
UHT | - | - | 111 | ||
Quinolone | Raw | - | - | 104 , 113 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 111 , 114 , 113 | ||
UHT | - | - | 111 , 114 | ||
Tetracycline | Raw | 100 | 100 | 102 , 103 , 115 , 116 , 104 , 105 , 110 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 111 , 114 , 117 , 107 , 102 , 108 , 109 | ||
UHT | - | - | 111 , 117 , 102 , 108 | ||
Doxycicline | Raw | - | - | 103 , 104 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 106 | ||
UHT | - | - | 108 | ||
Penicillin G | Raw | - | - | 101 , 118 , 119 , 120 , 121 , 122 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 106 , 109 | ||
Trimethoprim | Raw | - | 50 | 123 | |
Amoxicillin | Raw | 4 | 4 | 124 , 119 , 120 , 121 , 122 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 58 , 109 | ||
Cefalexin | Raw | - | 100 | 120 , 125 | |
Cephapirin | Raw | - | 60 | 101 , 120 | |
Fleroxacin | Raw | - | - | 126 | |
Chlortetracycline | Raw | 100 | 100 | 102 , 104 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 102 | ||
UHT | - | - | 102 , 108 | ||
Enrofloxacin | Raw | - | 100 | 126 , 127 , 115 , 116 , 128 , 105 , 113 , 129 , 119 , 120 , 122 , 110 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 127 , 108 , 105 | ||
UHT | - | - | 108 | ||
Ciprofloxacin | Raw | - | 100 | 126 , 127 , 103 , 129 , 119 , 120 , 122 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 127 , 108 | ||
UHT | - | - | 108 | ||
Lomefloxacin | Raw | - | - | 126 | |
Tilmicosin | Pasteurized | - | 50 | 112 , 130 | |
Erythromycin A | Pasteurized | - | 40 | 130 | |
Tylosin | Raw | 100 | 50 | 103 , 116 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 112 , 109 | ||
Spiramycin | Pasteurized | 200 | 200 | 112 | |
Streptomycin | Raw | 200 | 200 | 131 , 116 , 128 , 110 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 111 | ||
UHT | - | - | 111 | ||
Gentamicin | Raw | 200 | 100 | 131 , 116 , 128 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 109 | ||
UHT | - | - | 108 | ||
Gatifloxacin | Raw | - | - | 127 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 127 | ||
Ofloxacin | Raw | - | - | 127 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 127 , 132 | ||
Norfloxacin | Raw | - | - | 127 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 127 , 108 | ||
UHT | - | - | 108 | ||
Sulfamethoxazole | Raw | - | - | 127 , 103 , 105 , 123 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 127 | ||
Sulfamethazine | Pasteurized | - | - | 127 , 58 | |
UHT | - | - | 114 | ||
Sulfadimethoxine | Raw | - | - | 103 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 58 | ||
Sulfadiazine | Pasteurized | - | - | 133 | |
Sulfathioazole | Pasteurized | - | - | 58 | |
Ceftiofur | Raw | - | - | 103 | |
Sulfonamides | Raw | - | - | 116 , 128 , 104 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 114 | ||
UHT | - | - | 114 | ||
Cefazolin | Raw | - | 50 | 101 , 125 | |
Cephoperazone | Raw | - | 50 | 101 , 119 , 120 , 122 , 125 | |
Dicloxacillin | Raw | - | 30 | 101 , 119 , 120 , 121 , 122 | |
Ampicillin | Raw | - | 4 | 101 , 120 , 121 | |
Cloxacillin | Raw | - | 30 | 101 , 134 , 120 , 121 | |
Cefacetrile | Raw | - | 125 | 101 | |
Chloramphenicol | Raw | - | - | 116 , 128 , 104 | |
Rifaximin | Raw | - | - | 101 | |
Mycotoxins | Aflatoxin M 1 | Raw | 0.5 | 0.05 | 135 , 136 , 137 , 138 , 139 , 140 , 141 , 142 , 143 |
Pasteurized | - | - | 135 , 144 , 137 , 140 , 141 , 142 , 145 , 146 | ||
UHT | - | - | 137 , 141 , 147 , 148 , 145 , 146 | ||
Ochratoxin A | Raw | - | - | 135 , 136 , 137 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 135 , 144 , 136 , 149 | ||
α-zearalenol | Raw | - | - | 135 , 137 , 150 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 135 | ||
Fumonisin B1 | Raw | - | - | 137 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 144 , 137 | ||
Fumonisin B2 | Pasteurized | - | - | 144 | |
β-zearalenol | Raw | - | - | 150 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 144 | ||
Zearalenone | Raw | - | - | 136 , 144 , 137 , 151 , 150 , 135 , 152 , 153 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 135 , 154 | ||
Aflatoxin B1 | Raw | - | - | 136 , 137 , 140 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 144 , 136 , 137 , 140 | ||
UHT | - | - | 137 | ||
Aflatoxin B2 | Raw | - | - | 137 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 137 | ||
Aflatoxin G1 | Raw | - | - | 137 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 137 | ||
Aflatoxin G2 | Raw | - | - | 137 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 137 | ||
Zearalanol | Raw | - | - | 137 | |
α-zearalenone | Raw | - | - | 137 | |
Cyclopiazonic acid | Pasteurized | - | - | 137 | |
α-zearalanol | Pasteurized | - | - | 155 | |
Deepoxy-deoxynivalenol | Raw | - | - | 137 | |
Deoxynivalenol | Raw | - | - | 151 , 152 , 150 | |
Aflatoxin M2 | Raw | - | - | 138 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 137 | ||
UHT | - | - | 137 , 151 | ||
Hormones | Leptin | Pasteurized | - | - | 124 , 156 |
Triiodothyronine and Thyroxine | Pasteurized | - | - | 156 | |
Prednisolone | Raw | - | 6 | 124 , 138 | |
Relaxin | Pasteurized | - | - | 156 | |
Insulin | Raw | - | - | 157 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 156 , 157 | ||
Oxytocin | Pasteurized | - | - | 156 , 158 , 157 , 159 | |
Adiponectin | Raw | - | - | 160 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 156 | ||
Estriol | Raw | - | - | 161 | |
UHT | - | - | 160 , 162 | ||
17α-Estradiol | Raw | - | - | 161 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 162 | ||
UHT | - | - | 161 , 162 | ||
17β-Estradiol | Raw | - | - | 161 , 163 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 164 , 163 , 162 , 165 , 166 | ||
UHT | - | - | 161 , 162 | ||
Estrone | Raw | - | - | 161 , 167 , 163 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 164 , 163 , 162 | ||
UHT | - | - | 161 , 162 | ||
Testosterone | Raw | - | - | 161 , 167 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 161 | ||
4-Androstenediol | Raw | - | - | 161 | |
5-Androstenediol | Raw | - | - | 161 | |
4-Androstenedione | Raw | - | - | 161 | |
Progesterone | Raw | - | - | 161 , 167 , 168 , 169 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 168 | ||
UHT | - | - | 161 | ||
17α-Hydroxyprogesterone | Raw | - | - | 161 | |
Cortisone | Raw | - | - | 161 | |
Cortisol | Raw | - | - | 161 , 170 | |
Corticosterone | Raw | - | - | 161 | |
Hydrocortisone | Pasteurized | - | - | 171 | |
Insulin-like Growth factor-I | Raw | - | - | 157 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 58 , 157 , 171 | ||
Pregnenolone | Raw | - | - | 167 | |
Androstenedione | Raw | - | - | 167 | |
Pasteurized | - | - | 167 | ||
Dehydroepiandrostenedione | Raw | - | - | 167 | |
5-α-Androstane-3,17-dione | Raw | - | - | 167 | |
Prolactin | Pasteurized | - | - | 156 | |
Growth Hormone | Pasteurized | - | - | 156 , 58 |
MRLa: Maximum Residue Levels by Codex Alimentarius; MRLb: Maximum Residue Levels by European Union, EU. UHT: ultra-high temperature.