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. 2022 Jan 25;11:91. [Version 1] doi: 10.12688/f1000research.108779.1

Table 2. Chemical contaminants in bovine milk reported in literature.

Compounds Type of milk MRL a (μg/kg) MRL b (μg/kg) Reference
Pesticides Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) Raw - - 11 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51
Pasteurized - - 52 , 53 , 51
UHT - - 47
Butachlor Raw - - 11
Pasteurized - - 54
Cyhalothrin Raw 30 50 11 , 55 , 56
Pasteurized - - 54
Cypermethrin Raw 100 20 11 , 56 , 57
Pasteurized - - 54 , 58 , 59
Fenvalerate Raw - 40 11
Pasteurized - - 59
Deltamethrin Raw 30 20 11 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 55
Pasteurized - - 60
Malathion Raw - - 11 , 61 , 62
Chlorpyrifos Raw - - 11 , 55 , 56 , 61 , 55 , 60
Pasteurized - - 54 , 58 , 59 , 60
UHT - - 60
Carbofuran Raw - - 55 , 62
Permethrin Raw - 50 56 , 57
Pasteurized - - 54 , 58 , 59
Profenophos Raw - - 11 , 60
Pasteurized - - 54 , 60
UHT - - 60
Ethion Raw - - 11
Pasteurized - - 54 , 63
Dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) Raw - - 11 , 64 , 65 , 47 , 66 , 48 , 50 , 51
Pasteurized - - 64 , 52 , 54 , 67 , 51
UHT - - 47
Dicofol Pasteurized - - 59
Aldrin+Dieldrin Raw - - 64 , 47 , 49
Pasteurized - - 64 , 53
UHT - - 47
Endrin Raw - - 68 , 69 , 49
Pasteurized - - 70 , 53 , 54 , 67
Fipronil Raw - - 11 , 65 , 60
Pasteurized - - 54 , 60
Hexaflumuron Raw - - 65
Teflubenzuron Raw - - 65
Diflufenican Raw - - 65
Piperophos Raw - - 65
Dimethoate Raw - - 60 , 62
Pasteurized - - 60
Atrazine Pasteurized - - 58 , 59
Diazinon Raw - 20 62 , 60
Pasteurized - - 58 , 59 , 60
UHT - - 60
Lindane Raw - - 64 , 51
Pasteurized - - 64 , 51
Endosulfane Raw - - 11 , 65 , 47 , 68 , 48 , 71 , 49 , 51 , 56
Pasteurized - - 52 , 70 , 53 , 54 , 67
UHT - - 47
Hexachlorobenzene Raw - - 72
Pasteurized - - 70 , 58 , 59
Heptachlor epoxide Raw - - 65 , 47 , 73 , 68
Pasteurized - - 59
UHT - - 47 , 73
Heptachlor Raw - - 68 , 69 , 51
Pasteurized - - 73 , 52 , 70 , 51
UHT - - 73
Chlordane Pasteurized - - 52 , 53 , 67
Methoxychlor Raw - - 47 , 69
Pasteurized - - 54
UHT - - 47
Azoxystrobin Pasteurized - - 74
Chlorantranilliprole Pasteurized - - 74
Flubendiamide Pasteurized - - 74
Imidacloprid Raw - - 55
Pasteurized - - 74
Lufenuron Pasteurized - - 74
Metalaxyl Pasteurized - - 74
Novaluron Pasteurized - - 74
Uniconazol Pasteurized - - 74
Monuron Pasteurized - - 75
Methabenzthiazuron Pasteurized - - 75
Buturon Pasteurized - - 75
Linuron Pasteurized - - 75
Aziprotryne Pasteurized - - 75
Bitertanol Pasteurized - - 75
Clofentezine Pasteurized - - 75
Methyl Parathion Raw - - 62 , 76
Metals Cadmium Raw - - 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86
Pasteurized - - 87 , 77 , 88
UHT - - 89 , 90
Lead Raw - - 77 , 91 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 92 , 85 , 86
Pasteurized - - 87 , 77 , 93 , 88
UHT - - 92 , 94 , 89 , 90
Copper Raw - - 77 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 84 , 92 , 89 , 88 , 85 , 86
Pasteurized - - 87 , 77 , 93 , 88
UHT - - 92 , 94 , 89 , 90
Zinc Raw - - 77 , 95 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 88 , 85 , 96 , 86
Pasteurized - - 77 , 93 , 88 , 96
UHT - - 94 , 89 , 90
Selenium Raw - - 82 , 85 , 96 , 86
Pasteurized - - 96
UHT - - 94
Chromium Raw - - 77 , 91 , 88 , 85 , 96 , 86
Pasteurized - - 77 , 93 , 88 , 96
UHT - - 90
Nickel Raw - - 77 , 91 , 79 , 97 , 88 , 85 , 86
Pasteurized - - 77 , 93 , 88
UHT - - 94 , 89
Iron Raw - - 80 , 82 , 89 , 88 , 85 , 96 , 86
Pasteurized - - 93 , 88 , 96
UHT - - 94 , 89 , 90
Arsenic Raw - - 98 , 91 , 83 , 84 , 97 , 88 , 85 , 96 , 86
Pasteurized - - 88 , 96
Magnesium Raw - - 95 , 82 , 83 , 88 , 85 , 86
Pasteurized - - 93 , 88
UHT - - 90
Manganese Raw - - 82 , 89 , 88 , 85 , 86
Pasteurized - - 93 , 88
UHT - - 89 , 90
Aluminum Raw - - 98 , 91 , 85 , 96 , 86
Pasteurized - - 96
Molybdenum Raw - - 98 , 86
Mercury Raw - - 91 , 84 , 99 , 97 , 88 , 86
Pasteurized - - 88
UHT - - 94
Tin Raw - - 97 , 85 , 86
Cobalt Raw - - 77 , 79 , 89 , 88 , 86
Pasteurized - - 77 , 88
UHT - - 94 , 89
Antibiotics Oxytetracycline Raw 100 100 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105
Pasteurized - - 106 , 58 , 107 , 102 , 108 , 105 , 109
UHT - - 102 , 108
Lincomycin Raw 150 150 100 , 101 , 110
Pasteurized - - 111 , 112
UHT - - 111
Quinolone Raw - - 104 , 113
Pasteurized - - 111 , 114 , 113
UHT - - 111 , 114
Tetracycline Raw 100 100 102 , 103 , 115 , 116 , 104 , 105 , 110
Pasteurized - - 111 , 114 , 117 , 107 , 102 , 108 , 109
UHT - - 111 , 117 , 102 , 108
Doxycicline Raw - - 103 , 104
Pasteurized - - 106
UHT - - 108
Penicillin G Raw - - 101 , 118 , 119 , 120 , 121 , 122
Pasteurized - - 106 , 109
Trimethoprim Raw - 50 123
Amoxicillin Raw 4 4 124 , 119 , 120 , 121 , 122
Pasteurized - - 58 , 109
Cefalexin Raw - 100 120 , 125
Cephapirin Raw - 60 101 , 120
Fleroxacin Raw - - 126
Chlortetracycline Raw 100 100 102 , 104
Pasteurized - - 102
UHT - - 102 , 108
Enrofloxacin Raw - 100 126 , 127 , 115 , 116 , 128 , 105 , 113 , 129 , 119 , 120 , 122 , 110
Pasteurized - - 127 , 108 , 105
UHT - - 108
Ciprofloxacin Raw - 100 126 , 127 , 103 , 129 , 119 , 120 , 122
Pasteurized - - 127 , 108
UHT - - 108
Lomefloxacin Raw - - 126
Tilmicosin Pasteurized - 50 112 , 130
Erythromycin A Pasteurized - 40 130
Tylosin Raw 100 50 103 , 116
Pasteurized - - 112 , 109
Spiramycin Pasteurized 200 200 112
Streptomycin Raw 200 200 131 , 116 , 128 , 110
Pasteurized - - 111
UHT - - 111
Gentamicin Raw 200 100 131 , 116 , 128
Pasteurized - - 109
UHT - - 108
Gatifloxacin Raw - - 127
Pasteurized - - 127
Ofloxacin Raw - - 127
Pasteurized - - 127 , 132
Norfloxacin Raw - - 127
Pasteurized - - 127 , 108
UHT - - 108
Sulfamethoxazole Raw - - 127 , 103 , 105 , 123
Pasteurized - - 127
Sulfamethazine Pasteurized - - 127 , 58
UHT - - 114
Sulfadimethoxine Raw - - 103
Pasteurized - - 58
Sulfadiazine Pasteurized - - 133
Sulfathioazole Pasteurized - - 58
Ceftiofur Raw - - 103
Sulfonamides Raw - - 116 , 128 , 104
Pasteurized - - 114
UHT - - 114
Cefazolin Raw - 50 101 , 125
Cephoperazone Raw - 50 101 , 119 , 120 , 122 , 125
Dicloxacillin Raw - 30 101 , 119 , 120 , 121 , 122
Ampicillin Raw - 4 101 , 120 , 121
Cloxacillin Raw - 30 101 , 134 , 120 , 121
Cefacetrile Raw - 125 101
Chloramphenicol Raw - - 116 , 128 , 104
Rifaximin Raw - - 101
Mycotoxins Aflatoxin M 1 Raw 0.5 0.05 135 , 136 , 137 , 138 , 139 , 140 , 141 , 142 , 143
Pasteurized - - 135 , 144 , 137 , 140 , 141 , 142 , 145 , 146
UHT - - 137 , 141 , 147 , 148 , 145 , 146
Ochratoxin A Raw - - 135 , 136 , 137
Pasteurized - - 135 , 144 , 136 , 149
α-zearalenol Raw - - 135 , 137 , 150
Pasteurized - - 135
Fumonisin B1 Raw - - 137
Pasteurized - - 144 , 137
Fumonisin B2 Pasteurized - - 144
β-zearalenol Raw - - 150
Pasteurized - - 144
Zearalenone Raw - - 136 , 144 , 137 , 151 , 150 , 135 , 152 , 153
Pasteurized - - 135 , 154
Aflatoxin B1 Raw - - 136 , 137 , 140
Pasteurized - - 144 , 136 , 137 , 140
UHT - - 137
Aflatoxin B2 Raw - - 137
Pasteurized - - 137
Aflatoxin G1 Raw - - 137
Pasteurized - - 137
Aflatoxin G2 Raw - - 137
Pasteurized - - 137
Zearalanol Raw - - 137
α-zearalenone Raw - - 137
Cyclopiazonic acid Pasteurized - - 137
α-zearalanol Pasteurized - - 155
Deepoxy-deoxynivalenol Raw - - 137
Deoxynivalenol Raw - - 151 , 152 , 150
Aflatoxin M2 Raw - - 138
Pasteurized - - 137
UHT - - 137 , 151
Hormones Leptin Pasteurized - - 124 , 156
Triiodothyronine and Thyroxine Pasteurized - - 156
Prednisolone Raw - 6 124 , 138
Relaxin Pasteurized - - 156
Insulin Raw - - 157
Pasteurized - - 156 , 157
Oxytocin Pasteurized - - 156 , 158 , 157 , 159
Adiponectin Raw - - 160
Pasteurized - - 156
Estriol Raw - - 161
UHT - - 160 , 162
17α-Estradiol Raw - - 161
Pasteurized - - 162
UHT - - 161 , 162
17β-Estradiol Raw - - 161 , 163
Pasteurized - - 164 , 163 , 162 , 165 , 166
UHT - - 161 , 162
Estrone Raw - - 161 , 167 , 163
Pasteurized - - 164 , 163 , 162
UHT - - 161 , 162
Testosterone Raw - - 161 , 167
Pasteurized - - 161
4-Androstenediol Raw - - 161
5-Androstenediol Raw - - 161
4-Androstenedione Raw - - 161
Progesterone Raw - - 161 , 167 , 168 , 169
Pasteurized - - 168
UHT - - 161
17α-Hydroxyprogesterone Raw - - 161
Cortisone Raw - - 161
Cortisol Raw - - 161 , 170
Corticosterone Raw - - 161
Hydrocortisone Pasteurized - - 171
Insulin-like Growth factor-I Raw - - 157
Pasteurized - - 58 , 157 , 171
Pregnenolone Raw - - 167
Androstenedione Raw - - 167
Pasteurized - - 167
Dehydroepiandrostenedione Raw - - 167
5-α-Androstane-3,17-dione Raw - - 167
Prolactin Pasteurized - - 156
Growth Hormone Pasteurized - - 156 , 58

MRLa: Maximum Residue Levels by Codex Alimentarius; MRLb: Maximum Residue Levels by European Union, EU. UHT: ultra-high temperature.