Taxonomic information	Current valid scientific name: Xylosandrus compactus Synonyms: Xyleborus compactus, Xyleborus morstatti, Xylosandrus morstatti Name used in the EU legislation: Listed as EU‐quarantine pest as Scolytidae spp. (non‐European) [1SCOLF] Order: Coleoptera Family: Curculionidae Subfamily: Scolytinae Common name: black coffee twig borer, black twig borer Name used in the Dossier: –
Group	Insects
EPPO code	XYLSCO
Regulated status	Xylosandrus compactus is listed in Annex II/A of Regulation (EU) 2019/2072 as Scolytidae spp. (non‐European) [1SCOLF]. The pest is quarantine in Israel and Morocco. It is on A1 list of Chile and OIRSA (Organismo Internacional Regional de Sanidad Agropecuaria – countries: Belize, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua and Panama) (EPPO, online_a).
Pest status in China	Xylosandrus compactus is present in China in Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Xianggang, Yunnan and Zhejiang (Smith et al., 2020; EPPO, online_b).
Pest status in the EU	Xylosandrus compactus is present in France (Alpes‐Maritimes, Corsica, Provence‐Alpes‐Côte‐d’Azu and Var), Greece, Italy (Campania, Emilia Romagna, Lazio, Liguria, Lombardy, Sicily, Toscany and Veneto) and transient under eradication in Spain (Catalonia, Mallorca) (Faccoli, 2021; EPPO, online_b). In May 2021, it has been found in Malta and Gozo on Ceratonia siliqua during pest official survey (EUROPHYT Outbreaks database, online).
Host status on Pinus parviflora and P. thunbergii	Pinus spp. is reported as a host of X. compactus (ANSES, 2017; EPPO, 2020; CABI, online; EPPO, online_c). The original source is most probably the one by Chong et al. (2009). In that study, X. compactus was reported on Pinus sp. in Beaufort of South Carolina in 2000. However, Chong et al. (2009) states later that: ‘Pines are not known to be a common host of X. compactus, but because insect specimens associated with these records were not preserved, we cannot confirm the identification.’ There is no information on whether X. compactus can also attack Pinus parviflora and P. thunbergii. However, in EPPO X. compactus is on a list of pests for Pinus parviflora (EPPO, online_d) and P. thunbergii (EPPO, online_e). The Panel considers the association of the pest with Pinus, Pinus parviflora and P. thunbergii very unlikely, yet it cannot be excluded.
PRA information	Available Pest Risk Assessment: – Évaluation du risque simplifiée sur Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff) identifié en France métropolitaine (ANSES, 2017), – Scientific opinion on the pest categorisation of non‐EU Scolytinae of coniferous hosts (EFSA PLH Panel, 2020b), – EPPO Study on the risk of bark and ambrosia beetles associated with imported non‐coniferous wood (EPPO, 2020), – UK Risk Register Details for Xylosandrus compactus (DEFRA, online).
Other relevant information for the assessment
Biology	Xylosandrus compactus is an ambrosia beetle, native to Southeast Asia (Ngoan et al., 1976; Pennacchio et al., 2012). It is present in Africa, Asia, Europe, Pacific Islands, South America and the USA (EPPO, online_b). In 2011 it was first recorded in Europe, the pest was found in two Italian parks of Portici and Naples (Garonna et al., 2012). Xylosandrus compactus is associated with many fungal species, which are introduced into the galleries and become a food source for developing larvae and adult beetles. In the recent study of Morales‐Rodríguez et al. (2020), 206 OTUs (operational taxonomic units) composed the fungal community associated with X. compactus. Out of 206 OTUs, 69 were identified on a species level and the full list can be found in Morales‐Rodríguez et al. (2020). Some of the associated fungal species are plant pathogens, such as Acremonium sp., Alternaria infectoria, Arthrinium arundinis, Botrytis cinerea, Diaporthe foeniculina, Epicoccum nigrum, Eutypa leptoplaca, Fusarium spp., F. lateritium, F. solani, Fusicolla violacea, Geosmithia pallida, Neocucurbitaria cava, Neofusicoccum luteum, Nigrospora sphaerica, Penicillium brevicompactum, Pestalotiopsis biciliata, Phaeoacremonium fraxinopennsylvanicum, Phaeoacremonium prunicola, Ramularia eucalypti, R. hydrangea‐macrophyllae, Sarocladium strictum, Taphrina sadebeckii and Verticillium. Other most common fungal species are Ambrosiella xylebori, A. macrospora, Aureobasidion sp., Bionectria sp., Candida sp., Candida germanica, Cladosporium sp., C. austrohemisphaericum, C. domenicanum, Cryptococcus sp., Devriesia sp., Geosmithia lavendula, Phialemonium sp., Recurvomyces sp. and Vishniacozyma carnescens (Muthappa and Venkatasubbaiah, 1981; Hayato, 2007; Pennacchio et al., 2012; Bateman et al., 2016; Vannini et al., 2017; Morales‐Rodríguez et al., 2020). The beetle has four stages of development: egg, larva (two or three instars), pupa and adult (EPPO, 2020). According to Hara and Beardsey (1979), the beetle has only two larval instars and additional prepupa stage. On the contrary, Brader (1964) observed three larval instars. Females are brown or black, 1.4–1.9 mm long and 0.7–0.8 mm wide. Males are reddish brown, rare, flightless, 0.8–1.3 mm long and 0.42–0.46 mm wide (Pennacchio et al., 2012; Greco and Wright, 2015). Mating occurs mainly between siblings in the maternal gallery before emergence from the infested host. The ambrosia beetle has facultative arrhenotokous parthenogenesis, which means that males derive from unfertilised eggs and females from fertilised ones (Entwistle, 1964). The male to female sex ration is 1:9 (Hara and Beardsley, 1979). After mating males remain in the maternal galleries. Females on the contrary leave and colonise new hosts. They bore entrance holes into live twigs and branches of healthy and/or stressed plants (e.g. caused by drought, transplanting and pruning) (Hara and Beardsley, 1979). These entrance holes measure between 0.71 and 0.89 mm in diameter (Ngoen et al., 1976). The most frequently affected are 1–3 years old twigs (Faccoli, 2021) and the diameter of attacked twigs and branches was observed to be from 0.1 cm in dogwood (Ngoen et al., 1976) up to usually 6 cm (EPPO, 2020). However, in Sicily on carob trees (Ceratonia siliqua) the beetle also attacked branches of up to 36 cm and trunks of up to 85 cm in diameter (Gugliuzzo et al., 2019a). Females bore gallery, where they introduce and cultivate fungus and lay between 2 and 16 eggs in clusters (Hara and Beardsley, 1979). In laboratory conditions at temperature of 25 ± 2°C eggs hatched in 4–6 days after deposition, duration of larval stage was 7–8 days and of pupal stage 8–9 days. Complete cycle from an egg to mature adult took between 28.5 and 30.5 days (Ngoen et al., 1976). In Italy the adults are usually active from mid‐March until the end of September and the development from an egg to an adult takes from 4 to 6 weeks (Faccoli, 2021). It was observed that the beetle can have in different geographic conditions two (Kaneko et al., 1965; Ngoan et al., 1976; Pennacchio et al., 2012), three (Faccoli, 2021) or up to five generations annually (Gugliuzzo et al., 2020). Xylosandrus compactus overwinters as an adult in twigs and branches of its host plants in Florida, Italy and Japan (Kaneko et al., 1965; Ngoen et al., 1976; Gugliuzzo et al., 2020). In Uganda all life stages were observed all year around (Egonyu et al., 2016). Ambrosia and bark beetles (including X. compactus) orient their flight in order to choose suitable host plants by plant emitted volatiles (Byers, 1995). The main attractant is ethanol (Miller and Rabaglia, 2009; Burbano et al., 2012), which is released together with other chemicals by stressed or dying plants (Kimmere and Kozlowski, 1982). In Sicily, Gugliuzzo et al. (2019b) observed that the flight peak of X. compactus starts when the maximum temperature exceeds 20°C; the pest was able to spread more than 8 km from an infested site to a new one. Xylosandrus compactus is a serious pest of coffee in Hawaii (Greco and Wright, 2015), in India (Muthappa and Venkatasubbaiah, 1981; Ramesh, 1987) and in Uganda (Kagezi et al., 2014). It also caused economic damage to cacao in Uganda (Kagezi et al., 2014), tea in Japan (Kaneko et al., 1965), chestnut in China (Yan et al., 2001) and many other crops (EPPO, 2020). In Italy the pest severely affected Ceratonia siliqua, Laurus nobilis, Pistacia lentiscus, Quercus ilex, Ruscus aculeatus and Viburnum tinus (Garonna et al., 2012; Vannini et al., 2017; Gugliuzzo et al., 2020), Tilia platyphyllos (Faccoli, 2021) and occasionally found also on Cupressus sempervirens (Servizio Fitosanitario Regione Lazio, 2014). According to EPPO (2020), the main pathways of entry for X. compactus are plants for planting (except seeds), cut branches, bark, wood, woodchips, hogwood, processing wood residues and wood packaging material. Xylosandrus compactus was intercepted on fruits of Mangifera indica from Kenya in 2014 (EUROPHYT, online). There were six outbreaks of X. compactus in the EU, one in France (2016), one in Italy (2016), three in Spain (2019, 2020, 2020) and one in Malta (2021) (EUROPHYT Outbreaks database, online).

Symptoms	Main type of symptoms	Main symptoms caused by X. compactus are leaf and stem necrosis, flagging of branches, wilting of twigs and branches, dieback, branch breakage, cankers on larger twigs and branches, saw dust in a form of frass from the entrance holes, exuding sap from entrance holes of some host plants and blackish colouration of entrance hole (Kaneko et al., 1965; Hara and Beardsey, 1979; Pennacchio et al., 2012; Greco and Wright, 2015; EPPO 2020). There is no information on the symptoms caused to Pinus plants.
	Presence of asymptomatic plants	No specific information on the presence of asymptomatic plants is found. Similarly, like other ambrosia beetles, initial phases of infestation are associated with few external symptoms. While there is no visible injury in the bark at early stage of colonisation, frass is produced and examination of the wood under the infested spot bored by the beetle, reveals the brownish staining of the xylem and necrosis caused by the fungus (Mendel et al., 2012).
	Confusion with other pests	Infestation symptoms recorded in shrubs and trees are not specific to X. compactus and may be due to infestation by other ambrosia beetles of similar size and biology. Xylosandrus compactus can be morphologically confused with other Xylosadrus species. It is very similar to Xylosandrus adherescens, X. derupteterminatus, X. mesuae and X. morigerus (Smith et al., 2020). A morphological or molecular analysis is needed in order to distinguish among them.

Host plant range	Xylosandrus compactus is polyphagous pest, it has more than 200 known hosts. Conifer hosts are Araucaria heterophylla, Pinus spp. (ANSES, 2017; EPPO, 2020; CABI, online; EPPO, online_c) and Cupressus sempervirens (Servizio Fitosanitario Regione Lazio, 2014). Non‐conifer hosts are Abutilon grandifolium, Acacia auriculiformis, A. farnesiana, A. koa, A. mangium, A. melanoxylon, Acalypha wilkesiana, Acer spp., Acer barbatum, A. negundo, A. rubrum, Albizzia lebbeck, Alectryon spp., Aleurites moluccana, Alnus spp., Alpinia purpurata, Anacardium occidentale, Andira inermis, Annona cherimola, A. glabra, A. montana, A. muricata, A. reticulata, A. squamosa, Anthurium andraeanum, Antidesma pulvinatum, Asparagus myriocladus, Azalea spp., Bixa orellana, Buddleja asiatica, Buxus sempervirens, Byrsonima crassifolia, Caesalpinia kavaiensis, Callicarpa americana, C. pendunculata, Camellia spp., Camellia sinensis, Carapa guianensis, Carya glabra, C. illinoensis, Casimiroa edulis, Cassia spp., Cassia glauca, Castanea spp., Casuarina equisetifolia, Cattleya spp., Cedrela odorata, Celtis spp., Celtis laevigata, Cercis canadensis, Charpentiera spp., Cinnamomum camphora, C. verum, Citharexylum caudatutn, Citrus reticulata, Claoxylon sandwicense, Clidemia hirta, Coffea arabica, C. canephora, Colubrina oppositifolia, Coprosma spp., Cordia alliadora, Cornus florida, Corylus spp., Crotalaria spp., Croton reflexifolius, Cryptocarya oahuensis, Dalbergia spp., Dendrobium spp., Dendrobium spp., Diospyros spp., Drypetes phyllanthoides, Entandrophragma utile, Epidendrum spp., Erythrina abyssinica, Eucalyptus spp., Eucalyptus pilularis, E. robusta, E. sideroxylon, Eugenia cuminii, E. malaccensis, E. uniflora, Euphoria longana, Eusideroxylon zwageri, Euterpe oleracea, Fagus spp., Ficus spp., Ficus carica, Flacourtia indica, Flindersia brayleyana, Fraxinus ornus, F. uhdei, Gardenia spp., Gardenia jasminoides, Gouldia spp., Graptophyllum pictum, Hevea brasiliensis, Hibiscus spp., Hibiscus elatus, H. rosa‐sinensis, H. tiliaceus, Hydrangea macrophylla, Ilex anomala, Indigofera suffruticosa, Inga paterno, Jasminum multiflorum, J. sambac, Khaya grandifoliola, K. ivorensis, K. nyasica, K. senegalensis, Koelreuteria elegans, Lantana camara, Leucaena leucocephala, Liquidambar spp., Liquidambar formosana, L. styraciflua, Liriodendron spp., Litchi chinensis, lnocarpus fagifer, Macadamia integrifolia, M. ternifolia var. integrifolia, Magnolia spp., Magnolia grandiflora, Malus spp., Malvastrum, Malvastrum coromandelianum, Mangifera indica, Matisia cordata, Melaleuca leucadendra, Melastoma malabathricum, Melia azedarach, Melicoccus bijugatus, Melochia umbellata, Morella cerifera, Murraya paniculata, Myrciaria dubia, Myrsine lessertiana, Nephelim lappaceum, Olmediella betschleriana, Ostrya spp., Passiflora edulis, Pelea spp., Perrottetia sandwicensis, Persea americana, P. borbonia, Pipturus albidus, Pithecellobiutn dulce, Pittosporum tobira, Platanus spp., Platanus occidentalis, Pometia pinnata, Prosopis pallida, Prunus laurocerasus, Pseudomorus sandwicensis, Punica granatum, Quercus laurifolia, Q. nigra, Q. robur, Rhododendron spp., Rollinia emarginata, Rubus rosaefolius, Salix, Samanea saman, Sambucus simpsonii, Santalum freycitzetianum, Sapindus oahuensis, Schinus terebinthifolius, Shorea spp., Solanum sodomeum, Spondias purpurea, Stachytarpheta australis, Swietenia macrophylla, Swietenia mahogoni, Swietenia spp., Symplocos tinctoria, Syncarpia glomulifera, Tabebuia pentaphylla, Taona ciliata var. australis, Tapeinochilos ananassae, Theobroma cacao, T. grandiflorum, Tilia spp., Toona ciliata, Tristania conferta, Ulmus spp., Vinca spp., Vitex trifolia, Vitis spp., Vitis labruscana and Wikstroetnia spp. (ANSES, 2017; EPPO, 2020), Ceratonia siliqua, Laurus nobilis, Pistacia lentiscus, Quercus ilex, Ruscus aculeatus, Viburnum tinus (Garonna et al., 2012; Vannini et al., 2017; Gugliuzzo et al., 2020) and Tilia platyphyllos (Faccoli, 2021).
Reported evidence of impact	Xylosandrus compactus is EU quarantine pest.
Evidence that the commodity is a pathway	According to EPPO (2020), X. compactus can travel with plants for planting. Therefore, the commodity (i.e., bonsai plants) is expected to be a pathway.
Surveillance information	No surveillance information for this pest is currently available from China. Nevertheless, non‐European scolytids are included in a list of target pests (Dossier Section 4.0) for which monitoring activities (pheromone traps, light traps, etc.) are performed, together with three times a year inspections and samplings to collect insects on host plants in the survey area. There is no information on whether the pest has ever been found in the nursery or its surrounding environment.