Taxonomic information	1. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Current valid scientific name: Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Synonyms: Bursaphelenchus lignicolus, Aphelenchoides xylophilus Name used in the EU legislation: Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner & Bührer) Nickle et al. [BURSXY] Order: Rhabditida (formerly: Tylenchida) Family: Parasitaphelenchidae (formerly: Aphelenchoididae) Common name: Pine wood nematode (PWN) Name used in the Dossier: Bursaphelenchus xylophilus 2. Monochamus alternatus Current valid scientific name: Monochamus alternatus Synonyms: Monochamus tesserula Name used in the EU legislation: Monochamus spp. (non‐European populations) [1MONCG]. Order: Coleoptera Family: Cerambycidae Common name: Japanese pine sawyer Name used in the Dossier: Monochamus alternatus 3. Monochamus galloprovincialis Current valid scientific name: Monochamus galloprovincialis Synonyms: – Name used in the EU legislation: Monochamus spp. (non‐European populations) [1MONCG]. Order: Coleoptera Family: Cerambycidae Common name: pine sawyer beetle or black pine sawyer beetle Name used in the Dossier: – 4. Monochamus saltuarius Current valid scientific name: Monochamus saltuarius Synonyms: – Name used in the EU legislation: Monochamus spp. (non‐European populations) [1MONCG]. Order: Coleoptera Family: Cerambycidae Common name: Japanese pine sawyer Name used in the Dossier: – 5. Monochamus sutor Current valid scientific name: Monochamus sutor Synonyms: – Name used in the EU legislation: Monochamus spp. (non‐European populations) [1MONCG]. Order: Coleoptera Family: CerambycidaeNone Common name: small white‐marmorated longhorn beetle Name used in the Dossier: – 6. Monochamus urussovi Current valid scientific name: Monochamus urussovi Synonyms: Monochamus rosenmuelleri, Monochamus sartor rosenmuelleri, Monochamus sartor urussovi Name used in the EU legislation: Monochamus spp. (non‐European populations) [1MONCG]. Order: Coleoptera Family: Cerambycidae Common name: White mottled sawyer Name used in the Dossier: –
Group	Bursaphelenchus xylophilus: Nematodes Monochamus alternatus, M. galloprovincialis, M. saltuarius, M. sutor and M. urussovi: Insects
EPPO code	BURSXY: Bursaphelenchus xylophilus MONCAL: Monochamus alternatus MONCGA: Monochamus galloprovincialis MONCSL: Monochamus saltuarius MONCSU: Monochamus sutor MONCUR: Monochamus urussovi
Regulated status	Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is listed in Annex II/B of Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072 as Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner and Buhrer) Nickle et al. [BURSXY]. Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2019/1702 has listed B. xylophilus as priority pest; measures to prevent its spread within the Union were set by Commission Implementing Decision 2018/618/EU. Monochamus alternatus, M. galloprovincialis, M. saltuarius, M. sutor and M. urussovi are all listed in Annex II/A of Regulation (EU) 2019/2072 as Monochamus spp. (non‐European populations) [1MONCG]. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and Monochamus spp. (non‐European populations) are listed in the Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/1217 as pests of concern for Pinus parviflora and P. thunbergii. EPPO Categorisation: Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is included in A2 EPPO list (EPPO, online_a) and in A1 EPPO list for Azerbaijan, Georgia, Israel, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Morocco, Russia, Tunisia, Turkey and Ukraine. It is also listed as quarantine pest in Israel, Morocco, Norway and Tunisia (EPPO, online_b). Outside EPPO region, the pest is listed as follows (EPPO, online_b): – A1 list: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay, Bahrain, Jordan – A2 list: China. Monochamus alternatus is included in A1 EPPO list and listed as quarantine pest for Norway. Monochamus alternatus is included in A1 list in Bahrain, Paraguay, Uruguay, and it is also listed as quarantine pest for Canada (EPPO, online_c). Monochamus galloprovincialis, M. saltuarius, M. sutor and M. urussovi are included in A1 list in Kazakhstan and in A2 list of EAEU (Eurasian Economic Union ‐ Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Russia) (EPPO, online_d,o,p,q).
Pest status in China	Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is present in China in the provinces of Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Yunnan and Zhejiang (CABI, online_a; EPPO, online_e; State Forestry and Grassland Administration Government, online_a; State Forestry and Grassland Administration Government, online_b). It is also present in the municipalities of Chongqing and Shanghai and in Xianggang (territory of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region) (CABI, online_a; EPPO, online_e). Monochamus alternatus, the main vector of Bursaphelechus xylophilus in Asia (EFSA, 2020_b), is present in Chinese provinces and municipalities reported above, except Shanghai; furthermore, it is also present in the provinces of Hebei, Jilin and Xinjiang (CABI, online_b; EPPO, online_f) where B. xylophilus is not recorded. Monochamus galloprovincialis is present in the northern provinces of Jilin, Heilongjiang and Neimenggu (Danilevsky, 2019; EPPO, online_r). Monochamus saltuarius is present in Jiangxi, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Hebei, Liaoning, Neimenggu, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Xinjiang and Zhejiang (Danilevsky, 2019; EPPO, online_s). Monochamus sutor is present in Jilin, Heilongjiang, Henan, Liaoning, Neimenggu, Qinghai, Shandong, Xinjiang and Zhejiang (Danilevsky, 2019; EPPO, online_t). Monochamus urussovi is present in Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Niemenggu, Shaanxi and Xinjiang (Danilevsky, 2019; CABI, online_c; EPPO, online_g).
Pest status in the EU	Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is currently present only in Portugal, the island of Madeira included and in Spain (EFSA, 2020_a). In Portugal, the status of the pest has been declared as ‘present, several outbreaks reported in mainland Portugal (Centro, Lisboa e Vale do Tejo, Alentejo regions) and Madeira, under official control’ (EPPO, online_h). In Spain, B. xylophilus has been detected from 2008 onwards in Extremadura, Galicia and Castilla y Leon; its status is currently declared as ‘present, only in some parts of the Member State concerned, under eradication’ (EPPO, online_i). Monochamus alternatus is absent in the EU (EFSA PLH Panel, 2018; EFSA, 2020_b; EPPO, online_f). Monochamus galloprovincialis is present in all EU member states except Bulgaria (Danilevsky, 2019; EPPO, online_r). Monochamus saltuarius is present in Austria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia (Cherepanov, 1990; Danilevsky, 2019; EPPO, online_s). Monochamus sutor is present in Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain and Sweden (Danilevsky, 2019; EPPO, online_t). Monochamus urussovi is present in Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Poland and Sweden (Danilevsky, 2019; EPPO, online_g).
Host status on Pinus parviflora and P. thunbergii	Pinus parviflora is susceptible to B. xylophilus (Koo et al., 2013; EFSA PLH Panel, 2019) as well as P. thunbergii (Koo et al., 2013; EFSA PLH Panel, 2019; CABI, online_d; EPPO, online_j). Pinus parviflora and P. thunbergii are known as hosts for both M. alternatus and M. saltuarius (EFSA PLH Panel, 2019; CABI, online_e,f; EPPO, online_m,u). It is uncertain whether P. parviflora and P. thunbergii are hosts of M. galloprovincialis, M. sutor and M. urussovi.
PRA information	Pest Risk Assessment currently available: – Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) for the territories of the European Union (as PRA area) on Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and its vectors in the genus Monochamus is available (Evans et al., 1996), – Pest risk assessment of the Pine Wood Nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in Norway ‐ Part 1 (VKM, 2008), – Report of a Pest Risk Analysis for Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, 09/15449 (EPPO, 2009), – Scientific Opinion on the pest categorisation of non‐EU Monochamus spp. (EFSA PLH Panel, 2018), – Scientific Opinion on the commodity risk assessment of black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.) bonsai from Japan (EFSA PLH Panel, 2019), – UK Risk Register Details for Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (DEFRA, online_a), – UK Risk Register Details for Monochamus alternatus (DEFRA, online_b), – UK Risk Register Details for Monochamus galloprovincialis (DEFRA, online_c).
Other relevant information for the assessment
Biology	Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is a nematode of the family Parasitaphelenchidae and it is the causal agent of the Pine Wilt Disease (PWD) in North America (where it is believed to be native), Asia and Europe. The pest has six life stages: egg, four juvenile stages and adult. The life cycle of B. xylophilus is closely related to that of its vector insects, the cerambycid beetles of the genus Monochamus, developing in the wood of dying and dead pine trees. The infection caused to host tree by the nematode occurs in summer following two possible ways: a) primary transmission by maturation feeding of Monochamus adults (both sexes) on twigs and shoots of healthy pines; b) secondary transmission by oviposition of Monochamus females on dying pines (EPPO, online_k). The development of the nematode takes place starting from 9.5°C; beyond this threshold the completion of a generation in laboratory conditions takes from 3 to 12 days with temperatures of 30 and 15°C, respectively (CABI, online_a). In the propagative life cycle, nematode densities increase rapidly in wood, where they feed on plant cells and on the hyphae of blue stain fungi (saprophytic life cycle). In spring, when the insects pupate, the third dispersal juvenile stage (JIII) colonises the wood surrounding the pupal chambers (EFSA, 2019). Here, they quickly develop into the fourth dispersal stage (JIV), which invades the chambers and enter into the tracheal system of the immature adults of Monochamus. After emergence, the vector beetles fly to healthy pines for a maturation feeding carried out on twigs and shoots (CABI, online_a). During maturation feeding, the JIV stage nematodes leave the tracheal system of the vector and penetrate into healthy pines through the feeding scars; once in the host pine, the JIV stage moults into the adult stage. Adult nematodes multiply and spread very quickly in the vascular system of the plant (up to 150 cm/day) (EFSA, 2019; EPPO, online_k), mainly moving through resin ducts (pathogenic life cycle). However, the mechanism by which the nematode affects the resin canals and the circulation of water in the tracheids, leading to rapid death of the host, is still not fully understood (Koo et al., 2013). Needles of trees infected by B. xylophilus rapidly wilt and dying pines become suitable for oviposition by Monochamus females. The larvae of the beetles will develop inside the wood along with the developing nematode population; upon completion of the insect life cycle, the newly emerged immature adults infected by the dispersal stage JIV will spread the nematode to other healthy pines. The natural spread of B. xylophilus is ensured solely by its insect vectors, and it has been estimated to be 4.5–6 km/year (Togashi and Shigesada, 2006; EFSA, 2019; EFSA 2020b). Monochamus species living on conifers in Europe and Asia are medium sized (15–35 mm) longhorn beetles that attack both healthy and dying trees, or freshly cut trunks (Hellrigl, 1970). Monochamus attacking pine trees are the main vectors of B. xylophilus (13 species currently known worldwide); other Monochamus hosts belong mainly to the genera of Abies and Picea (EFSA, 2020b). Monochamus spp. have four stages of development: egg, larva (4–9 instars), pupa and adult. They usually complete their life cycle in one or more years; only in warmer southern areas they are able to have two generations per year (Hellrigl, 1970; EFSA, 2020b). Adult beetles feed on conifer needles and thin bark of healthy tree twigs; this food source is necessary for sexual maturation after the emergence of new adults. Larvae develop under the bark, in the phloem, cambium and wood of stems or branches of weakened or dying trees, after fire, windthrows, defoliation by insects and drought. Different species of Monochamus have preferences for host plants (ex. Pinus or Picea) and parts of the tree (stem or branches) (EFSA, 2020b). Mature larva or pupa is usually the overwintering stage. After mating, females lay their eggs singly in the bark of the stems or branches of trees, generally gnawing small oviposition cavities with their robust mandibles. Larvae initially develop under the bark, where they excavate galleries feeding on the phloem and cambium; later they penetrate the sapwood by boring deep tunnels oval shaped. Mature larvae burrow a pupal chamber in the outer sapwood close to the bark. Pupal stage usually lasts 2–3 weeks, and immature adults emerge through circular exit holes. Adult beetles can live from 1 to 5 months and are able to fly actively from a few hundred metres up to 2–3.5 km (Akbulut and Stamps, 2012; EFSA, 2020b). However, long flight distances (10 km or more) are flown by adult beetles searching for suitable hosts when these are scarce or absent (EFSA, 2020b). Human assisted spread easily occurs mainly through the transport of infested commodities, particularly wood and wood packaging material containing immature stages (larvae, pupae, immature adults) (EFSA PLH Panel, 2019), as confirmed by the frequency of interceptions (EUROPHYT/TRACES‐NT, online). Monochamus alternatus is native to Asia (China, Japan, Laos, South Korea, Taiwan and Vietnam) where is known as the main vector of B. xylophilus (EFSA PLH Panel, 2018). Monochamus alternatus is usually a univoltine species but becomes multivoltine (2–3 generations a year) in southern subtropical areas, whereas it can take 2 years to complete its cycle in colder climate (CABI, online_b). The beetle overwinters as mature larva. The emergence period of adult beetles varies from late March to early November. Newly metamorphosed adults emerge through a round hole in the bark, 9 mm in diameter (CABI, online_b). A sexual maturation feeding on the bark of pine twigs is needed before mating; 1‐year‐old twigs are generally preferred (CABI, online_b). Female lifetime fecundity largely varies from few eggs up to 343, and increases with beetle longevity, body size, warmer climate conditions and a longer oviposition period. In China (Jiangsu), it is on average 87.6 eggs (CABI, online_b). Adults are nocturnal, poor or medium flyers, usually moving 10–12 m; longer distances are flown before sexual maturity, with the maximum flight distance reported is of 1–2 km (Togashi and Shigesada, 2006; CABI, online_b). Monochamus urussovi is a Palearctic species, present in Europe and northern Asia. Monochamus urussovi is a uni‐ or semivoltine species, completing its life cycle in 1 year in southern Alps (Hellrigl, 1970) and in 2–3 years in northern Asia (Cherepanov, 1990); its biology is apparently very similar to that of M. sartor, of which it is considered a vicariant species for Russia, northern Asia and Japan (Hellrigl, 1970). As ‘the general biology of all European Monochamus spp. is similar’ (Putz et al., 2016), some information on the biology of M. sartor can be used as proxy for M. urussovi. Monochamus urussovi is an important pest for Picea and Abies species (mainly Abies sibirica) and it is only rarely found on Pinus sp. of pine stands in Siberia, where is replaced by M. galloprovincialis (Cherepanov, 1990). Monochamus urussovi is considered a potential vector of B. xylophilus (Evans et al., 1996) and is also known as a vector of the closely related nematode species B. mucronatus (Togashi et al., 2008). Newly metamorphosed adults usually emerge in late May/early June from circular exit holes, 6–12 mm diameter, located in the lower part of the trunk of dead mature trees (Cherepanov, 1990). Adult longevity is up to two months during which they incessantly feed, causing shoot damage (Cherepanov, 1990). After mating, females lay 9–20 eggs singly in the bark, in scars bored with the mandibles. Stems of 16–40 cm diameter or more are preferred for oviposition (Cherepanov, 1990). No specific data is available on flight distance covered by M. urussovi, but M. sartor is known to fly mean distances ranging from 695 to 873 m per flight, with a maximum of 3.1 km and 7.5 km throughout the insect lifespan (Putz et al., 2016). Monochamus galloprovincialis is considered ecologically associated with Pinus sylvestris in all its wide distribution area in Eurasia, ranging from Portugal to east Siberia (Cherepanov 1990; Akbulut and Stamps, 2012); it can also attack other Pinus species, and only occasionally Picea (EFSA PLH Panel, 2018). Monochamus galloprovincialis is currently the sole known vector of B. xylophilus in Europe (Portugal and Spain); it is unknown whether M. galloprovincialis is a vector of B. xylophilus also in Asia. In Europe, the beetle has one generation per year, overwinters as mature larva (Hellrigl, 1970; Akbulut and Stamps, 2012); in northern Asia it requires 2 years to complete its life cycle, and the larvae hibernate under the bark the first year and in the wood the second year (Cherepanov, 1990). After pupation in April–May, adults usually emerge from 4–8 mm wide exit holes and fly for maturation feeding from June to August in Europe (Hellrigl, 1970; Akbulut and Stamps, 2012) and from July to September in Northern Asia (Cherepanov, 1990). Monochamus galloprovincialis attacks preferably branches of 3–8 cm in diameter (Hellrigl, 1970) or thin barked parts of the stem. Females lay eggs singly in cavities made by mandibles (Cherepanov, 1990). Adult lifespan is about 2–3 months; fecundity varies from 37–87 eggs/female in Europe (Akbulut and Stamps, 2012) and about 20 eggs/female in Northern Asia (Cherepanov, 1990). Monochamus galloprovincialis is known to be a good flyer, able to cover distances of 2.3–3.5 km; occasionally 8–13 km in fragmented forests with lower availability of host trees (EFSA, 2020b). Monochamus saltuarius has a wide distribution range in the northern part of Eurasia, from Finland to east Siberia, Sakhalin, Korea and Japan. It is a species mainly associated with Picea and Abies, on which attacks dying branches (3–8 cm in diameter) in the lower part of the stem, or trunks no more than 10 cm in diameter (Hellrigl, 1970). In China, Korea and Japan, however, M. saltuarius is also known as a pest for several Pinus species, and it has been also reported as a vector of B. xylophilus (Koo et al., 2013; EFSA PLH Panel, 2018; Li et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020). Monochamus saltuarius is univoltine in southern Europe (Hellrigl, 1970), while has a 2‐year life cycle in northern Asia (Cherepanov, 1990). Overwintering stage is the aged/mature larva, depending on voltinism, under the bark or in the wood. Adults emerge from 4 mm exit holes from April to June and can be found up end of August; their lifespan is about 2–3 months (Hellrigl, 1970; Cherepanov, 1990). Oviposition, female fecundity, feeding habits of adults on young shoots and larval development are very similar to other Monochamus species. No specific data are available on flight capability of M. saltuarius, but it could be similar to those of other Monochamus of similar size, as M. galloprovincialis and M. alternatus (EFSA, 2020b). Monochamus sutor is distributed throughout central and northern Eurasia from France, Great Britain and Norway to east Siberia, China, Sakhalin and Japan. The species is mainly associated with Picea abies in central Europe and Pinus sylvestris in northern parts of its European distribution range; trees with a stem diameter of 8–14 cm are preferred (Hellrigl, 1970). According to Cherepanov (1990) in north‐eastern Asia M. sutor is less common in pine stands, where it is replaced by M. galloprovincialis. Monochamus sutor is considered a potential vector of B. xylophilus (Evans et al., 1996); it is also known as a vector of the closely related species B. mucronatus and three other nematode species (CABI, online_g). Monochamus sutor has a univoltine life cycle in central Europe and a semi‐voltine life cycle in northern areas of its range. Depending on voltinism, M. sutor can hibernate as aged or fully mature larva, under the bark or in the wood. Adults emerge from 4–8 mm exit holes in June and July. Reproductive traits, feeding habits of adults, oviposition behaviour and larval development are similar to M. sartor/urussovi (Hellrigl, 1970; Cherepanov, 1990). According to Putz et al. (2016), Monochamus sutor shows a dispersal pattern similar to M. galloprovincialis; the mean distance per flight is 1,653 m and the maximum 5,556 m.

Symptoms	Main type of symptoms	Susceptible pines infected by B. xylophilus can wilt and die very rapidly (30–40 days) in warmer regions, showing a not‐specific needle yellowing. In northern colder areas the infection may be slower, the discoloration of needles may appear gradually, and the death of pines may occur 1–2 years after infection (VKM, 2008; EFSA, 2019; CABI, online_a). Main symptoms of attack by Monochamus on pine shoots and twigs are the feeding scars and oviposition cavities bored by mandibles on thin bark, usually not easy to detect. Wilting or falling of shoots and needle falling may be occasionally observed as consequence of stronger feeding activity (maturation feeding by adults). Frass composed by wood shreds and larval excrements is expelled out of the galleries by larvae and can be frequently observed in bark crevices along the trunk and under the bark. Round exit holes from 4 to 12 mm diameter bored by emerging adults are easily detectable (Hellrigl, 1970; Cherepanov, 1990; CABI, online_e).
	Presence of asymptomatic plants	The absence of symptoms usually occurs in early stage of infection of B. xylophilus (EPPO, online_l); when pines have been infected in autumn, symptoms can usually appear only in the following year (EFSA PLH Panel, 2019). Furthermore, pines infected by B. xylophilus may survive 1–2 years or even more without showing any external symptom. All asymptomatic plants should show oviposition scars or maturation feeding spots done by Monochamus spp., but these remain visible for short period and are generally difficult to see.
	Confusion with other pests	Both needle discoloration and wilting are non‐specific symptoms of infection of B. xylophilus on pines, and not easily distinguishable from symptoms caused by other pests or diseases. For a reliable identification of B. xylophilus laboratory tests on symptomatic material are always needed (EFSA PLH Panel, 2019; EFSA, 2020a). Symptoms caused by feeding activity of Monochamus spp. adult beetles on pines (feeding scars on shoots/twigs, exit holes) are non‐specific, as they are common to other cerambycid species of similar size living on conifers. Moreover, Monochamus spp. are not always easily distinguishable from each other on the base of morphology, so that expert examination and/or molecular analysis may be needed to confirm the identification (EFSA, 2020b).
Host plant range	Pinus species reported as host plants for B. xylophilus so far are Pinus armandii, P. ayacahuite, P. banksiana, P. brutia, P. bungeana, P. caribea, P. cembra, P. clausa, P. contorta, P. densiflora, P. echinata, P. elliottii, P. halepensis, P. hartwegii, P. jeffreyi, P. koraiensis, P. lambertiana, P. leiophylla, P. luchuensis, P. massoniana, P. monticola, P. mugo, P. nigra, P. oocarpa, P. palustris, P. parviflora, P. pinaster, P. pinea, P. ponderosa, P. pungens, P. radiata, P. resinosa, P. strobiformis, P. strobus, P. sylvestris, P. tabuliformis, P. taeda, P. thunbergii, P. virginiana, P. wallichiana, P. yunnanensis; other hosts of the nematode are: Abies amabilis, A. balsamea, A. firma, A. grandis, A. sachalinensis, Cedrus atlantica, C. deodara, Larix decidua, L. kaempferi, L. laricina, L. occidentalis, Picea abies, P. engelmannii, P. glauca, P. jezoensis, P. mariana, P. pungens, P. rubens, P. sitkensis, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Tsuga canadensis, Xanthocyparis nootkatensis (Koo et al., 2013; EFSA, 2019; CABI, online_d; EPPO, online_j). Monochamus species mentioned above are associated with pines and other conifers. The detailed information can be found in Hellrigl (1970); Cherepanov (1990); Yanovskii and Baranchikov (1999); EFSA PLH Panel (2018); CABI (online_b,c,e,f) and EPPO (online_m,n,u,v,w).
Reported evidence of impact	Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and its vectors (Monochamus spp. non‐European populations) are EU quarantine pests.
Evidence that the commodity is a pathway	Plants for planting (bonsai included) are a possible pathway for B. xylophilus only when used for maturation feeding by Monochamus species vectoring the nematode; differently, large dying trees are required by these beetles to complete their life cycle. Plants for planting are not considered a pathway for non‐EU Monochamus species (EFSA PLH Panel, 2018).
Surveillance information	There is a specific surveillance protocol implemented for B. xylophilus and its vector M. alternatus in the nursery and its surrounding environment (radius of at least 2 km) (Dossier Section 4.0). Surveillance consists of inspections carried out at least six times/year (Dossier Section 4.0) by visual checking of symptoms on pine trees growing along a designated route (Dossier Section 4.0). Both green and woody material are sampled from symptomatic plants and submitted to laboratory tests (Dossier Section 4.0). In addition, random sampling inspections are planned on asymptomatic Pinus parviflora trees and other pines present in the area surrounding the nursery; samples are sent to the Zhejiang Academy of Science and Technology to check for the presence of pathogenic nematodes (Dossier Section 4.0). Asymptomatic plants are also randomly sampled within the nursery (Dossier Section 4.0). Monochamus alternatus is well‐known pest harmful to the Chinese forests and present also in Zhejiang. It is surveyed by a specific monitoring program based on light trapping, bait trapping and killing traps (without indication of the used lures) (Dossier Section 2.0). No pheromone traps are used. Monitoring is carried out by the Municipal Bureau of Forestry and Water Resources, which has stated the absence of the pest in the survey area of the nursery in recent years (Dossier Section 4.0). Monochamus saltuarius and M. sutor are both present in Zhejiang (Danilevsky, 2019; EPPO, online_s,t). Monochamus saltuarius is a vector of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Koo et al., 2013; EFSA PLH Panel, 2020; Li et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020). Monochamus sutor is a potential vector of B. xylophilus (Evans et al., 1996). No specific surveillance is carried out for these pests. Monochamus urussovi and M. galloprovincialis are absent in Zhejiang (Danilevsky, 2019; CABI, online_c,e; EPPO, online_g,r); no specific surveillance for these pests is carried out.