Taxonomic information	1. Lepidosaphes pineti Current valid scientific name: Lepidosaphes pineti Synonyms: Insulaspis pineti Name used in the EU legislation: – Order: Hemiptera Family: Diaspididae Common name: – Name used in the Dossier: Lepidosaphes pineti
	2. Lepidosaphes pini Current valid scientific name: Lepidosaphes pini Synonyms: Poliaspis pini, Chionaspis pini, Mytilococcus pinorum, Insulaspis pini Name used in the EU legislation: – Order: Hemiptera Family: Diaspididae Common name: Oriental pine scale, pine oystershell scale Name used in the Dossier: Lepidosaphes pini 3. Lepidosaphes piniphila Current valid scientific name: Lepidosaphes piniphila Synonyms: Lepidosaphes piniphilus, Parainsulaspis piniphila Name used in the EU legislation: – Order: Hemiptera Family: Diaspididae Common name: – Name used in the Dossier: Lepidosaphes piniphila
Group	Insects
EPPO code	LEPSPT: Lepidosaphes pineti LEPSPN: Lepidosaphes pini LEPSPH: Lepidosaphes piniphila
Regulated status	Lepidosaphes pineti and L. piniphila are not regulated anywhere in the world nor listed by EPPO. Lepidosaphes pini is not regulated in the EU nor listed by EPPO. It is quarantine in Australia (Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, 2020).
Pest status in China	Lepidosaphes pineti, L. pini and L. piniphila are present in China. Lepidosaphes pineti is present in Anhui, Beijing, Fujian, Guangdong, Hubei, Jiangsu, Shandong and Zhejiang (Jianying, 2002; Dossier Section 4.0; García Morales et al., online_c). Lepidosaphes pini is present in Anhui, Hebei, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Shandong and Shanghai (Dossier Section 4.0; García Morales et al., online_d). Lepidosaphes piniphila is present in Anhui, Guangdong, Hunan, Jiangsu and Jiangxi (Dossier Section 4.0; García Morales et al., online_e).
Pest status in the EU	Lepidosaphes pineti, L. pini and L. piniphila are absent in the EU (García Morales et al., online_c,d,e).
Host status on Pinus parviflora and P. thunbergii	Pinus thunbergii is reported as a host of Lepidosaphes pineti (Jianying, 2002), L. pini (Takahashi, 1955; Takagi, 1970; Suh, 2020; García Morales et al., online_d) and L. piniphila (García Morales et al., online_e). Lepidosaphes pini was reported on P. parviflora var. pentaphylla (Malumphy et al., 2012). According to Dossier Section 4.0, L. pineti, L. pini and L. piniphila are reported on P. parviflora.
PRA information	No Pest Risk Assessment is currently available.
Other relevant information for the assessment
Biology	Lepidosaphes pineti, L. pini and L. piniphila are scale insects (García Morales et al., online_c,d,e). Lepidosaphes pineti is present only in China (García Morales et al., online_c), L. pini in Bonin Islands, China, Hawaiian Islands, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and United States (García Morales et al., online_d) and L. piniphila in China, Japan and Malaysia (García Morales et al., online_e). Lepidosaphes pineti has three stages of development: egg, nymph (2 instars) and adult. Eggs are laid by overwintered females in mid‐April. Females lay between 10 and 36 eggs per generation below their shells. The eggs hatch in early May into 1st instar nymph (crawlers). Crawlers find suitable place to settle in on pine needles and secrete wax. The 2nd instar nymph starts to form shell. First adults emerge in mid‐June. In mid‐July, the second generation of juveniles hatches. Females are brown pear‐shaped, 2.0–2.4 mm long and 0.4 mm wide. Males have the same colour and shape as females, but they are smaller, 0.9 mm long and 0.24 mm wide. Males live for 1–2 days (Jianying, 2002). Lepidosaphes pineti overwinters as fertilised female or second larval instar. In China, there are one or two overlapping generations annually (Jianying, 2002). The life cycle of L. pini is poorly studied. Females are oyster‐shell shaped, brown with orange exuviae. Males are very similar to females, but smaller (García Morales et al., online_d). The size of the body is 2 mm long (Stimmel, 1994). Body of adult female, eggs and crawlers are white (Miller and Davidson, 2005). Females lay about 30 eggs per generation (Murakami, 1970). Lepidosaphes pini occurs on base of pine needles (Stimmel, 1994). It overwinters as fertilised female in Japan (Murakami, 1970) and New Jersey (Miller and Davidson, 2005) or possibly as eggs in Pennsylvania (Stimmel, 1994). There are one or two generations annually (Murakami, 1970; Stimmel, 1994). In New Jersey eggs are present in March and August, crawlers in June and September (Miller and Davidson, 2005). There is no information on the biology nor on the overwintering stage of L. piniphila. Females are narrow and brown. They are 1.7 mm long and 0.55 mm wide (Borchsenius, 1958). Possible pathways for Lepidosaphes species are plants for planting including bonsai plants and cut branches as reported for Lepidosaphes ussuriensis by EPPO Panel on Quarantine Pests for Forestry (2003).

Symptoms	Main type of symptoms	According to Borchsenius (1958), Lepidosaphes species (including L. pineti and L. piniphila) cause early drop of needles. Main symptoms caused by L. pini are reduced vigour of pine needles, pallid and chlorotic spots near the base of needles. The scale does not produce honeydew (Stimmel, 1994). There is no information on symptoms caused by L. pineti and L. piniphila, but it can be assumed that they are similar to the ones described above. Symptoms caused by another species from North America (Lepidosaphes pallida) on conifers are chlorosis, branch dieback and death of host plants (Skvarla, 2020).
	Presence of asymptomatic plants	No report was found on the presence of asymptomatic plants.
	Confusion with other pests	Lepidosaphes pineti, L. pini and L. piniphila can be confused with other Lepidosaphes species. A morphological (Miller et al., 2006) or molecular analysis is needed in order to distinguish them.
Host plant range	Hosts of L. pineti are Pinus elliotti, P. taeda, P. thunbergii (Jianying, 2002) and P. massoniana (Jianying, 2002; García Morales et al., online_c). Hosts of L. pini are Cunninghamia lanceolata, Cycas revoluta, Abies, Pinus, P. densiflora, P. luchuensis, P. nigra, P. thunbergii, Podocarpus, P. macrophyllus, Taxus, Torreya (Murakami, 1970; Suh, 2020; García Morales et al., online_d), Pinus armandi (Miller and Davison, 1990) and P. parviflora var. pentaphylla (Malumphy et al., 2012). Hosts of L. piniphila are Pinus massoniana, P. thunbergii and Podocarpus (García Morales et al., online_e).
Reported evidence of impact	Jianying (2002) reports L. pineti as a serious pest of pines in China. According to Borchsenius (1958), L. pineti and L. piniphila are considered serious pests of Pinus species in ornamental plantations of Beijing and other Chinese cities. Lepidosaphes pini is considered as an occasional pest (Miller and Davison, 1990), but along the coast of New Jersey it severely damaged P. thunbergii (Stimmel, 1994).
Evidence that the commodity is a pathway	Lepidosaphes pini was intercepted in the UK on bonsai plants of P. parviflora var. pentaphylla from Japan in June 1986 (Malumphy et al., 2012). Adult females of L. pini were intercepted in Taiwan on P. thunbergii from Japan (Chen et al., 2014).
Surveillance information	Lepidosaphes pineti is recorded in Dossier Sections 4.0 and 5.0 as a pest occurring in Zhejiang. According to Dossier Section 4.0, L. pini and L. piniphila are pests occurring in China. No surveillance information for this pest is currently available from China. There is no information on whether the pest has ever been found in the nursery or its surrounding environment.