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. 2022 Feb 7;22:38. doi: 10.1186/s12906-021-03500-1

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — A Preventive effect of FREG on TNF-α induced intestinal barrier dysfunction. Caco-2 cell monolayers were treated with different concentration of FREG, and barrier dysfunction was induced with TNF-α (20 ng/mL) and then assessed for paracellular permeability to a tracer molecule FD-4. ^★P < 0.05, TNF-α control Vs treated groups. Values in the parentheses represent the percentage decrease compared to TNF-α control. RFU: Relative Fluorescence Units. B Curative effect of FREG on TNF-α induced intestinal barrier dysfunction. Caco-2 cell monolayers were treated with TNF-α (20 ng/mL) to induce barrier dysfunction. After 24 h incubation, cells were washed with prewarmed PBS and incubated with different concentration of FREG for 24 h. Paracellular permeability was assessed by using a tracer molecule FD-4. ^★P < 0.05, TNF-α control Vs treated groups. Values in the parentheses represent the percentage decrease compared to TNF-α control. RFU: Relative Fluorescence Units