Table 1.

Biomarker isoforms and functions

	Isoforms	Function	References
α-Klotho	β, γ	• Sensitivity to insulin/anti-aging effects • Bone homeostasis • Suppress oxidative stress, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction • CKD associated thrombosis • Related with hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy	[3, 5, 18–24]
Nephrin (NPHS1)	NPHS2 (Independently called podocin)	• Renal filtration barrier • A transmembrane protein that is a structural component of the slit diaphragm of glomerular podocytes • In defecting, associated congenital nephrotic syndrome, and massive proteinuria • Cardiovascular development • Interaction with glutamate receptors in CNS	[4, 6, 8, 11, 15, 25, 26]
Synaptopodin	-	• Actin-associated protein (actin-based cell morphology and motility) • Regulation of dendritic spine plasticity, synaptic plasticity • Regulation of podocyte cell migration • Associated with serum creatinine level	[8, 9, 27–33]

Isoforms

Function

References

α-Klotho

β, γ

• Sensitivity to insulin/anti-aging effects

• Bone homeostasis

• Suppress oxidative stress, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction

• CKD associated thrombosis

• Related with hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy

[3, 5, 18–24]

Nephrin (NPHS1)

NPHS2 (Independently called podocin)

• Renal filtration barrier

• A transmembrane protein that is a structural component of the slit diaphragm of glomerular podocytes

• In defecting, associated congenital nephrotic syndrome, and massive proteinuria

• Cardiovascular development

• Interaction with glutamate receptors in CNS

[4, 6, 8, 11, 15, 25, 26]

Synaptopodin

• Actin-associated protein (actin-based cell morphology and motility)

• Regulation of dendritic spine plasticity, synaptic plasticity

• Regulation of podocyte cell migration

• Associated with serum creatinine level

[8, 9, 27–33]