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. 2022 Feb 7;15:14. doi: 10.1186/s13068-022-02113-1

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Synergistic microbial interaction modes and mechanisms. A Synergistic microbial interaction modes. Mutualism and commensalism are presented. CBHI, cellobiohydrolase I; CBHII, cellobiohydrolase II; EGI, endoglucanase I. Three cellulases which are produced by T. reesei, hydrolyze cellulose to soluble oligosaccharides. B Microbial interaction mechanisms. These include contact-independent and contact-based interactions. Contact-independent interactions indicate that molecules (e.g. QS signal molecules) are released by diffusion or transported by efflux pumps. Contact-based interactions suggest that molecules are exchanged by physical cell–cell contact, e.g., pili, nanotubes, vesicles. AHLs: QS signal molecules. AHL signals, which are produced by LasI family, bind LasR, thus activating it. The activated complex modulated transcription of biofilm synthesis genes. Direct electron transfer is based on membrane bound c-type cytochromes or pili, indirect electron transfer is mediated by electron shuttles