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. 2022 Feb 8;20:55. doi: 10.1186/s12916-022-02248-w

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — NOD1 and NOD2 enhanced the proliferation of CSCC cells. A Number of colonies formed by Siha, CasKi, and C33a cells overexpressing NOD1 or NOD2 (each group was performed triplicate wells, reproducible in three independent experiments). B Time-dependent increase in the number of Siha/LV-NOD1 and Siha/LV-NOD2 cells (results were highly reproducible triplicate: representative data of triplicate). C Number of colonies formed by cell lines and primary CSCC cells treated with Trip-DAP or MDP (10 ng/mL). D Proliferation of cell lines treated with various concentrations of NOD1 or NOD2 ligands. The assay of C and D was repeated thrice for the cell lines and twice for the primary cells using three independent samples. E Cell cycle distribution of control and NOD1/NOD2 overexpressing Siha, CasKi, and C33a cells. The percentage of cells in each phase is shown on the right. F Representative images of EDU-stained Siha/LV-NOD1, Siha/LV-NOD2, and Siha/LV-Ctrl cells (scale bar—30 μm, triplicate independent experiments). G Representative images of tumors in BALB/C nude mice subcutaneously injected with Siha/LV-NOD1, Siha/LV-NOD2 (right), and respective control cells (left). The tumor volume and weight of the indicated groups are shown on the right. All data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 10 for each group). *** P < 0.001; ** P < 0.01; * P < 0.05