Table 1.
Baseline characteristics in individuals with type 2 diabetes and pre-existing cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease
| All T2D | CVRD free | HF only | CKD only | MI only | Stroke only | PAD only | Multiple CVRD | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 473,399 | 276,941 | 5310 | 35,019 | 2721 | 17,044 | 5898 | 126,615 | ||
| Follow-up (years) | Median [IQR] | 6 [3 , 9] | 6 [3 , 10] | 4 [2 , 8] | 5 [3 , 9] | 6 [3 , 10] | 5 [3 , 9] | 6 [3 , 10] | 5 [3 , 9] |
| Age (years) | Mean (SD) | 63.5 (14.4) | 58.3 (13.7) | 70.2 (13.4) | 71.8 (12.2) | 67.3 (12.4) | 69.3 (12.6) | 68.4 (11.1) | 70.9 (11.71) |
| Female | N (%) | 216,273 (45.7%) | 128,516 (46.4%) | 2542 (47.9%) | 20,411 (58.3%) | 813 (29.9%) | 7760 (45.5%) | 2147 (36.4%) | 51,891 (41.0%) |
| BMI | Mean (SD) | 31.5 (6.9) | 32.1 (7.0) | 32.7 (8.1) | 30.8 (6.7) | 30.6 (6.2) | 30.2 (6.4) | 29.9 (6.3) | 30.7 (6.40) |
| Smoking status | Never | 69,360 (19.7%) | 40,209 (20.5%) | 765 (19.1%) | 6178 (23.4%) | 326 (16.3%) | 2333 (18.3%) | 633 (12.4%) | 18,348 (17.9%) |
| Former | 162,659 (46.3%) | 82,255 (42.0%) | 2083 (51.9%) | 12,539 (47.5%) | 1054 (52.8%) | 6056 (47.6%) | 2364 (46.3%) | 54,739 (53.3%) | |
| Current | 119,532 (34.0%) | 73,296 (37.4%) | 1162 (29.0%) | 7658 (29.0%) | 618 (30.9%) | 4325 (34.0%) | 2109 (41.3%) | 29,675 (28.9%) | |
| HbA1c Category | < 7% | 131,242 (50.8%) | 66,677 (48.4%) | 1471 (51.9%) | 12,527 (55.8%) | 731 (50.0%) | 4931 (54.4%) | 1757 (46.8%) | 41,950 (53.1%) |
| 7-10% | 105,662 (40.9%) | 56,517 (41.1%) | 1148 (40.5%) | 8750 (39.0%) | 627 (42.9%) | 3557 (39.3%) | 1683 (44.8%) | 32,490 (41.1%) | |
| > 10% | 21,574 (8.3%) | 14,451 (10.5%) | 213 (7.5%) | 1161 (5.2%) | 103 (7.0%) | 570 (6.3%) | 313 (8.3%) | 4604 (5.8%) | |
| SBP (mmHg) | < 130 | 142,824 (32.2%) | 79,050 (30.8%) | 1944 (39.1%) | 9947 (29.7%) | 756 (31.7%) | 4890 (31.0%) | 1487 (26.7%) | 43,201 (35.8%) |
| 130–150 | 224,531 (50.7%) | 131,672 (51.3%) | 2256 (45.3%) | 17,648 (52.7%) | 1241 (52.0%) | 8191 (51.9%) | 2919 (52.4%) | 59,054 (48.9%) | |
| 150+ | 75,840 (17.1%) | 45,956 (17.9%) | 775 (15.6%) | 5894 (17.6%) | 391 (16.4%) | 2707 (17.1%) | 1165 (20.9%) | 18,437 (15.3%) | |
| DBP (mmHg) | < 80 | 221,401 (50.0%) | 106,627 (41.5%) | 2858 (57.4%) | 19,960 (59.6%) | 1335 (55.9%) | 8489 (53.8%) | 3259 (58.5%) | 76,401 (63.3%) |
| 80–100 | 206,329 (46.6%) | 138,113 (53.8%) | 1962 (39.4%) | 12,820 (38.3%) | 1012 (42.4%) | 6899 (43.7%) | 2205 (39.6%) | 42,248 (35.0%) | |
| 100+ | 15,412 (3.5%) | 11,906 (4.6%) | 156 (3.1%) | 710 (2.1%) | 42 (1.8%) | 400 (2.5%) | 107 (1.9%) | 2019 (1.7%) | |
| Atrial fibrillation | N (%) | 32,972 (7.0%) | 6392 (2.3%) | 1884 (35.5%) | 2321 (6.6%) | 206 (7.6%) | 1739 (10.2%) | 354 (6.0%) | 18,569 (14.7%) |
| HDL (mmol/L) | Mean (SD) | 1.2 (0.37) | 1.2 (0.36) | 1.3 (0.38) | 1.3 (0.39) | 1.2 (0.35) | 1.3 (0.38) | 1.2 (0.37) | 1.2 (0.37) |
| LDL (mmol/L) | Mean (SD) | 2.7 (1.03) | 2.9 (1.02) | 2.6 (0.94) | 2.6 (0.99) | 2.4 (0.96) | 2.4 (0.95) | 2.5 (1.02) | 2.3 (0.94) |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | Median (IQR) | 1.7 [1.2 , 2.4] | 1.8 [1.2 , 2.5] | 1.6 [1.1 , 2.3] | 1.7 [1.2 , 2.3] | 1.6 [1.1 , 2.4] | 1.6 [1.1 , 2.3] | 1.7 [1.2 , 2.5] | 2.0 (1.29) |
| Physical activity | Inactive | 83,736 (43.0%) | 39,805 (36.8%) | 1083 (52.1%) | 6565 (47.4%) | 388 (37.7%) | 3424 (50.6%) | 1166 (49.8%) | 30,344 (51.5%) |
| Moderately inactive | 17,637 (9.1%) | 11,148 (10.3%) | 193 (9.3%) | 1272 (9.2%) | 84 (8.2%) | 530 (7.8%) | 149 (6.4%) | 4144 (7.0%) | |
| Moderately active | 70,060 (36.0%) | 41,557 (38.4%) | 606 (29.1%) | 4502 (32.5%) | 451 (43.8%) | 2159 (31.9%) | 798 (34.1%) | 19,655 (33.4%) | |
| Active | 23,315 (12.0%) | 15,750 (14.5%) | 198 (9.5%) | 1503 (10.9%) | 106 (10.3%) | 655 (9.7%) | 227 (9.7%) | 4787 (8.1%) | |
| CVD risk treatment | |||||||||
| Low dose aspirin | 29.0% | 14.2% | 25.1% | 27.5% | 50.2% | 45.1% | 49.8% | 58.4% | |
| Statins | 53.1% | 40.4% | 48.7% | 58.9% | 64.2% | 68.5% | 69.5% | 76.5% | |
| Anti-hypertensive medications: | 55.6% | 43.1% | 73.2% | 73.0% | 59.5% | 63.9% | 62.2% | 75.5% | |
| ACE inhibitors | 34.7% | 26.0% | 51.7% | 44.2% | 40.9% | 39.5% | 38.7% | 48.9% | |
| ARBs | 13.1% | 9.3% | 17.7% | 20.9% | 13.0% | 13.2% | 12.6% | 18.7% | |
| Calcium channel blockers | 26.3% | 20.1% | 25.0% | 35.9% | 22.6% | 33.4% | 33.2% | 36.0% | |
| Beta blockers | 23.0% | 11.1% | 41.0% | 23.3% | 40.1% | 19.8% | 13.7% | 48.2% | |
| Potassium-sparing diuretics | 3.6% | 1.2% | 19.4% | 3.5% | 2.5% | 2.1% | 2.1% | 7.8% | |
| Loop diuretics | 12.7% | 4.2% | 55.5% | 15.6% | 9.5% | 10.1% | 9.7% | 27.6% | |
| Thiazides | 13.9% | 12.5% | 10.8% | 22.7% | 11.9% | 18.5% | 18.4% | 14.0% | |
| Warfarin | 5.2% | 1.7% | 26.0% | 4.9% | 5.7% | 7.6% | 6.7% | 10.9% | |
| P2Y12 inhibitors | 4.8% | 0.4% | 1.5% | 1.1% | 7.0% | 14.8% | 8.3% | 14.1% | |
| Other antiplatelets | 26.2% | 12.7% | 22.4% | 24.7% | 45.2% | 42.5% | 44.4% | 53.1% | |
| Corticosteroids | 19.9% | 16.8% | 25.6% | 22.2% | 15.6% | 20.4% | 20.6% | 25.4% | |
| Any CVD risk treatment | 71.4% | 59.6% | 83.9% | 84.8% | 76.5% | 83.7% | 84.7% | 90.0% | |
| Glucose-lowering treatment | |||||||||
| SGLT-2 inhibitors | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.5% | 0.1% | 0.3% | 0.2% | |
| Metformin | 39.4% | 39.8% | 36.3% | 38.9% | 39.6% | 38.1% | 45.6% | 39.0% | |
| Sulfonylurea | 15.5% | 12.6% | 15.7% | 22.0% | 16.1% | 16.1% | 22.1% | 19.5% | |
| DPP-4 inhibitors | 1.9% | 1.6% | 1.6% | 2.9% | 1.8% | 1.5% | 1.8% | 2.2% | |
| GLP-1RA | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.7% | 0.5% | 0.6% | 0.3% | 0.7% | 0.5% | |
| Metiglinides | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.1% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.4% | 0.3% | |
| Glitazones | 4.9% | 4.5% | 3.5% | 7.0% | 5.3% | 4.2% | 7.5% | 5.3% | |
| Acarbose | 0.2% | 0.1% | 0.2% | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.4% | 0.3% | |
| Insulins | 7.2% | 4.8% | 5.9% | 10.5% | 7.3% | 6.0% | 12.1% | 11.3% | |
Abbreviations: ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme, ARBs angiotensin II receptor blockers, BMI body mass index, CVD cardiovascular disease, DBP diastolic blood pressure, DPP-4 dipeptidyl peptidase-4, GLP-1RA glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor antagonist, HbA1c glycated haemoglobin, HF heart failure, HDL high-density lipoprotein, CKD chronic kidney disease, CVD cardiovascular disease, HDL low-density lipoprotein, MI myocardial infarction, MARCE major adverse renal cardiovascular events, PAD peripheral artery disease, P2Y12 platelet adenosine diphosphate receptor, SGLT2 sodium-glucose transport protein-2, SBP systolic blood pressure