Table 4.
Standardized Direct, Indirect, and Total Effects for the Relationship between Neighborhood Factors, Stress, Self-Efficacy, Self-care Behaviors, and Glycemic Control.
| Variables | Direct Effects | Indirect Effects | Total Effects |
|---|---|---|---|
| Glycemic Control | |||
| →Self-efficacy | −.11*** | −.001 | −.11*** |
| →Perceived stress | −.004 | .05*** | .05* |
| →Violence | .05 | .002 | .06 |
| →Crime | .08 | .20*** | .29** |
| →Discrimination | −.02 | .08*** | .06 |
| →General diet | −.004 | - | −.004 |
| →Specific diet | −.01 | - | −.01 |
| →Exercise | −.03 | - | −.03 |
| →Blood sugar testing | .09** | - | .09** |
| →Foot care | .02 | - | .02 |
| General diet | |||
| →Self-efficacy | .12*** | - | .12*** |
| →Perceived stress | −.05* | −.06*** | .12*** |
| →Violence | −.02 | −.02 | −.04 |
| →Crime | −.04 | −.21** | −.25* |
| →Discrimination | −.02 | −.11*** | −.13* |
| Specific diet | |||
| →Self-efficacy | 04*** | - | .04*** |
| →Perceived stress | −.07** | −.02** | −.09*** |
| →Violence | −.002 | −.01 | −.02 |
| →Crime | −.04 | −.10* | −.14 |
| →Discrimination | −.05 | −.06*** | .12** |
| Exercise | |||
| →Self-efficacy | .08*** | - | .08*** |
| →Perceived stress | −.06* | −.04*** | −.10** |
| →Violence | .07 | −.02 | .06 |
| →Crime | −.10 | −.06 | −.16 |
| →Discrimination | .09 | −.06** | .02 |
| Blood sugar testing | |||
| →Self-efficacy | .03 | - | .03 |
| →Perceived stress | −.07* | −.01 | −.08* |
| →Violence | −.04 | −.01 | −.05 |
| →Crime | .06 | −.11 | −.05 |
| →Discrimination | .04 | −.06* | −.01 |
| Foot care | |||
| →Self-efficacy | .03 | - | .03 |
| →Perceived stress | −.05 | −.02 | −.06 |
| →Violence | .06 | −.01 | .05 |
| →Crime | .07 | −.01 | .06 |
| →Discrimination | −.004 | −.02 | −.02 |
| Self-efficacy | |||
| →Perceived stress | −.50*** | - | −.50*** |
| →Violence | .005 | −.09* | −.08 |
| →Crime | −1.06*** | −.26 | −.1.32*** |
| →Discrimination | −.18 | −.38*** | −.55*** |
| Perceived stress | |||
| →Violence | .17* | - | .17* |
| →Crime | .36* | .17* | .53** |
| →Discrimination | .46*** | .08** | .54*** |
| Violence | |||
| →Crime | 1.02*** | - | 1.02*** |
| →Discrimination | .19*** | .10*** | .29*** |
| Crime | |||
| →Discrimination | .10*** | - | .10*** |
Significant direct effects indicate direct association between variables. For example, higher levels of self-efficacy are associated with higher glycemic control. Significant indirect effects indicate pathways through which variables influence outcomes. For example, increased levels of crime are associated with glycemic control through psychosocial factors and self-care behaviors.
*
P < .05,
**
P < .01,
***
P < .001.