TABLE 2.
Participant, Parent, Nurse, and Research Staff Reported Pain, Distress, and Fear (Child) Pre and During Subcutaneous Port Needle Insertion Procedures
| VR | iPad | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome and Respondent | N | Mean | SD | Med. | Min | Max | n | Mean | SD | Med. | Min | Max |
| Child and adolescent | ||||||||||||
| Pain, pre | 20.0 | 0.9 | 1.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 5.0 | 19.0 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.0 |
| Pain, during | 20.0 | 0.9 | 1.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.0 | 18.0 | 1.3 | 2.3 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 10.0 |
| Distress, pre | 20.0 | 1.1 | 2.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 8.0 | 19.0 | 1.2 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 7.0 |
| Distress, during | 20.0 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.0 | 18.0 | 1.8 | 2.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 8.0 |
| Fear, pre | 20.0 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 4.0 | 19.0 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.0 |
| Fear, during | 19.0 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.0 | 18.0 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.0 |
| Parent | ||||||||||||
| Pain, pre | 16.0 | 3.5 | 3.2 | 3.0 | 0.0 | 10.0 | 14.0 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 8.0 |
| Pain, during | 20.0 | 1.6 | 2.4 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 9.0 | 15.0 | 2.0 | 2.3 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 7.0 |
| Distress, pre | 16.0 | 5.4 | 3.2 | 5.0 | 0.0 | 10.0 | 14.0 | 5.0 | 3.0 | 5.0 | 0.0 | 10.0 |
| Distress, during | 20.0 | 2.0 | 2.7 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 9.0 | 15.0 | 2.7 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 8.0 |
| Nurse | ||||||||||||
| Pain, pre | 16.0 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 5.0 | 16.0 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 8.0 |
| Pain, during | 20.0 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 6.0 | 18.0 | 2.9 | 2.7 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 10.0 |
| Distress, pre | 16.0 | 3.8 | 2.9 | 3.5 | 0.0 | 8.0 | 16.0 | 3.6 | 2.2 | 3.0 | 1.0 | 8.0 |
| Distress, during | 20.0 | 1.6 | 2.2 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 7.0 | 18.0 | 3.4 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 0.0 | 10.0 |
| Research staff | ||||||||||||
| Pain, pre | 16.0 | 1.4 | 1.9 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 5.0 | 16.0 | 1.6 | 2.4 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 7.0 |
| Pain, during | 20.0 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 5.0 | 18.0 | 1.4 | 2.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 8.0 |
| Distress, pre | 16.0 | 2.3 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 6.0 | 16.0 | 1.3 | 2.1 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 8.0 |
| Distress, during | 20.0 | 1.6 | 2.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 7.0 | 18.0 | 2.3 | 3.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 10.0 |