Figure 2.

Temporal causal relationships between arterial measures and insulin resistance. Autoregressive cross-lagged temporal causal associations of arterial stiffness (A) and carotid intima-media thickness (B) with insulin resistance from 17.7 to 24.5 y among 3862 adolescents from the ALSPAC (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children) birth cohort. Analyses were adjusted for sex, time in years between ages 17.7 and 24.5 y, and other covariates at 17.7 y such as age, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, total fat mass, lean mass, moderate to vigorous physical activity at 15.5 y, smoking status, and family history of hypertension/diabetes/high cholesterol/vascular disease. Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was computed from (fasting insulin×fasting glucose/22.5). PWV indicates pulse wave velocity.