TABLE 1.

Representative examples of identified bacterial and fungal enzymes with the capability to degrade major mycotoxins^a

Mycotoxin category	Enzyme family	Organism(s)	Reference
Aflatoxin	Reductase	Mycobacterium smegmatis	28
	Manganese peroxidase	Phanerochaete sordida	29
	Laccase (oxidase)	Trametes versicolor	30
	Manganese peroxidase	Irpex lacteus	31
	Pseudomonas AFB1-degrading enzyme	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	32
Deoxynivalenol	Peroxidase	Aspergillus oryzae, Rhizopus oryzae	33
Fumonisin	Fumonisin esterase	Sphingopyxis sp.	34
	Manganese peroxidase	Irpex lacteus	31
Ochratoxin	Carboxypeptidase*	Aspergillus spp.	35
	Peptidase*	Pediococcus parvulus	36
	Carboxypeptidases	Yarrowia lipolytica	37
Patulin	Orotate phosphoribosyltransferase	Rhodotorula mucilaginosa	38
Zearalenone	Zearalenone detoxification gene(s)	Pseudomonas putida	39
	Zearalenone lactonohydrolase	Clonostachys rosea	40
	Esterase*	Lactobacillus plantarum	41
	Manganese peroxidase	Irpex lacteus	31
	Zearalenone lactonohydrolase	Pichia pastoris	42

^aEnzymes hypothesized but not yet confirmed are marked by an asterisk.