Table 4. Multivariate linear regression for differences in pulmonary function test parameters (PFTPs) between sexes after adjustment for age, height, weight, and smoking status using female patient results as reference for CAD and no-CAD radiological findings.

Radiology findings		Without CAD (n = 281)		With CAD (n = 195)
PFTPs		β-coefficient	p-value	β-coefficient	p-value
FVC	LLN (L)	0.49 (0.42, 0.57)	<0.001*	0.47 (0.38, 0.56)	<0.001*
	Pre (L)	0.41 (0.21, 0.62)	<0.001*	0.33 (0.11, 0.56)	0.004*
	Pre (%)	0.57 (-4.71, 5.85)	0.832	-0.47 (-6.43, 5.5)	0.878
	Post (L)	0.4 (0.2, 0.59)	<0.001*	0.36 (0.14, 0.58)	0.002*
	Post (%)	-0.41 (-5.71, 4.89)	0.880	-2.58 (-8.63, 3.46)	0.400
	BDR (% change)	-1.46 (-4.52, 1.6)	0.348	0.83 (-4.6, 6.27)	0.763
FEV 1	LLN (L)	0.41 (0.33, 0.48)	<0.001*	0.31 (0.25, 0.38)	<0.001*
	Pre (L)	0.27 (0.07, 0.47)	0.009*	0.13 (-0.07, 0.34)	0.193
	Pre (%)	-0.06 (-6.45, 6.34)	0.987	-2.38 (-8.95, 4.19)	0.476
	Post (L)	0.28 (0.08, 0.48)	0.006*	0.11 (-0.09, 0.32)	0.278
	Post (%)	-0.34 (-6.63, 5.95)	0.916	-3 (-9.72, 3.72)	0.380
	BDR (% change)	-0.58 (-4.06, 2.9)	0.743	-2 (-6.72, 2.75)	0.408
FEV 1 /FVC	LLN (absolute)	-0.02 (-0.06, 0.01)	0.174	-0.02 (-0.02, -0.02)	<0.001*
	Pre (absolute)	-0.02 (-0.06, 0.02)	0.306	-0.05 (-0.1, 0)	0.057
	Pre (%)	1.12 (-4, 6.23)	0.668	-4.06 (-10.46, 2.33)	0.212
	Post (absolute)	-0.01 (-0.05, 0.03)	0.588	-0.07 (-0.12, -0.02)	0.007*
	Post (%)	2.21 (-2.77, 7.19)	0.383	-5.65 (-12, 0.71)	0.081

Data were reported as mean (95% CI). p-values derived from factorial effect of sex in the multivariate regression.

*Denotes statistically significant association (p<0.05).

Abbreviations: BDR, Bronchodilator responsiveness; CAD: Chronic airway disease; FEV₁, Forced expiratory volume in one second; FVC, Forced vital capacity; LLN, Lower limit of normal; Post: Post bronchodilator, Pre, Pre bronchodilator; %, percentage of predicted value.