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. 2021 Sep 3;77(2):259–267. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glab260

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Glycolysis increases in Drosophila skeletal muscle with aging. (A) The levels of lactate, an end-product of glycolysis, increase in skeletal muscle of old (8 weeks) versus young (1 week) flies (n = 3). (B) The activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) increases with aging (n = 4–10). (C) Cytochrome C oxidase (COX) activity decreases with aging, indicative of decreased mitochondrial function (n = 3). (D) NAD+, which is utilized in its oxidized state as a cofactor in glycolysis, declines with aging (n = 8). (E) NADH, which is a product of glycolysis, increases with aging (n = 8). (F) The NAD+/NADH ratio declines with aging (n = 8). (G) Expression of 8 out of 14 glycolytic enzymes declines with aging in skeletal muscle with the exception of Ldh, whose expression increases with aging (n = 4). (H) RNA-seq reads (TPM) of glycolytic enzymes in Drosophila skeletal muscles (n = 3). Apart Pglym87, Ldh is the glycolytic enzyme with the lowest expression. Note that Pglym78 and Pglym87 are paralogs, as for Hex-A and Hex-C. (I and J) Ldh is the glycolytic enzyme that has the highest amplitude of daily cyclic expression (n = 3). Ldh mRNA levels are lower in long-lived O1 and O3 fly strains compared to the parental B3 Drosophila strain (n = 3) at 1 week of age.