Table 1.

Major greenhouse gas emissions sources at different stages of the production cycle for the three key mariculture sectors.

Production stage	Source of emissions	Finfish	Bivalves	Seaweed
Upstream	Production and supply of eggs, larvae, or propagules	ü	∼	∼
	Terrestrial land-use change and degradation (e.g., for crops or livestock used in feed)	ü	û	û
	Feed production and processing (e.g., direct emissions from crop and livestock farms and wild caught fisheries)	ü	û	û
	Transport of feed to wholesale and mariculture operations	ü	û	û
On farm	Fuel use	ü	ü	ü
	Energy use	ü	ü	ü
	Infrastructure or maintenance	ü	ü	ü
	Coastal and subtidal land-use change and degradation	ü	∼	∼
	Nutrient or effluent impact and water treatment	ü	∼	∼
	Liquid oxygen and other chemicals used in production	ü	∼	∼
Downstream	Processing	ü	ü	ü
	Packaging and ice	ü	ü	ü
	Refrigeration	ü	ü	ü
	Transport	ü	ü	ü

Note: üand û indicate relevance to each sector, with ∼ showing where an emissions source is not typical when best practices are implemented, but may be relevant under some circumstances.