Table 1.
Patient characteristics, by ejection fraction
| Characteristics | Left ventricular ejection fraction |
P-values | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <25% (n = 999) | 25–34% (n = 2230) | 35–44% (n = 1272) | 45–54% (n = 2260) | 55–64% (n = 2092) | ≥65% (n = 865) | ||
| Age, years, mean ± SD | 65 ± 11 | 67 ± 11 | 69 ± 10 | 71 ± 9 | 73 ± 9 | 74 ± 9 | <0.001 |
| Women, n (%) | 219 (22) | 537 (24) | 361 (28) | 876 (39) | 1044 (50) | 532 (62) | <0.001 |
| Race, n (%) | |||||||
| American Indian/Alaskan Native | 16 (2) | 18 (1) | 42 (3) | 89 (4) | 50 (2) | 18 (2) | <0.001 |
| Asian | 181 (18) | 382 (17) | 210 (17) | 251 (11) | 297 (14) | 175 (20) | |
| Black | 85 (9) | 140 (6) | 74 (6) | 101 (4) | 78 (4) | 37 (4) | |
| White | 676 (68) | 1610 (72) | 906 (71) | 1750 (77) | 1620 (77) | 609 (70) | |
| Other/mixed | 25 (3) | 46 (2) | 32 (3) | 69 (3) | 45 (2) | 26 (3) | |
| Missing | 16 (2) | 34 (2) | 8 (1) | 0 | 2 (0.1) | 0 | |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | |||||||
| Not Hispanic/Latino | 635 (64) | 1380 (62) | 832 (65) | 1711 (76) | 1615 (77) | 632 (73) | <0.001 |
| Hispanic/Latino | 327 (33) | 753 (34) | 415 (33) | 549 (24) | 476 (23) | 233 (27) | |
| Missing | 37 (4) | 97 (4) | 25 (2) | 0 | 1 (<0.1) | 0 | |
| Geographical regions | |||||||
| North America | 140 (14) | 219 (10) | 111 (9) | 224 (10) | 329 (16) | 121 (14) | <0.001 |
| Latin America | 337 (34) | 797 (36) | 433 (34) | 558 (25) | 462 (22) | 214 (25) | |
| Europe | 347 (35) | 835 (37) | 486 (38) | 1145 (51) | 921 (44) | 308 (36) | |
| Asia | 133 (13) | 271 (12) | 169 (13) | 190 (8) | 254 (12) | 162 (19) | |
| Other | 42 (4) | 108 (5) | 73 (6) | 143 (6) | 126 (6) | 60 (7) | |
| NYHA class II, n (%) | 695 (70) | 1714 (77) | 1024 (81) | 1841 (81) | 1714 (82) | 695 (80) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 27.7 ± 5.4 | 28.0 ± 5.4 | 28.5 ± 5.5 | 29.8 ± 5.7 | 30.2 ± 6.0 | 29.9 ± 6.2 | <0.001 |
| Heart rate, b.p.m. | 73 ± 11 | 71 ± 12 | 71 ± 12 | 71 ± 12 | 70 ± 12 | 70 ± 12 | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 118 ± 14 | 123 ± 16 | 128 ± 16 | 132 ± 16 | 133 ± 16 | 132 ± 16 | <0.001 |
| NT-proBNP, pg/mL, median (IQR) | 2144 (1255– 4046) | 1726 (1027– 3144) | 1465 (743– 2813) | 993 (523– 1772) | 967 (480– 1689) | 885 (466– 1607) | <0.001 |
| Ischaemic aetiology, n (%) | 491 (49) | 1186 (53) | 663 (52) | 980 (43) | 568 (27) | 158 (18) | <0.001 |
| Hospitalization for heart failure within 12 months, n (%) | 344 (34) | 594 (27) | 408 (32) | 540 (24) | 464 (22) | 170 (20) | <0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 364 (36) | 802 (36) | 504 (40) | 1133 (50) | 1179 (56) | 444 (51) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 509 (51) | 1095 (49) | 645 (51) | 1165 (52) | 988 (47) | 392 (45) | 0.019 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2, mean ± SD | 63 ± 22 | 62 ± 22 | 62 ± 21 | 62 ± 20 | 59 ± 20 | 59 ± 19 | <0.001 |
| eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2, n (%) | 458 (46) | 1069 (48) | 616 (48) | 1087 (48) | 1099 (53) | 458 (53) | <0.001 |
| Heart failure medications, n (%) | |||||||
| Renin–angiotensin system inhibitor | 900 (90) | 1971 (88) | 1089 (86) | 1895 (84) | 1609 (77) | 661 (76) | <0.001 |
| Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist | 767 (77) | 1579 (71) | 711 (56) | 922 (41) | 662 (32) | 264 (31) | <0.001 |
| Beta-blocker | 934 (93) | 2119 (95) | 1184 (93) | 2009 (89) | 1751 (84) | 703 (81) | <0.001 |
| Diuretics (other than MRA) | 891 (89) | 1922 (86) | 1049 (82) | 1800 (80) | 1719 (82) | 676 (78) | <0.001 |
eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; IQR, interquartile range; NT-proBNP, N-terminal prohormone B-type natriuretic peptide; NYHA, New York Heart Association; SD, standard deviation.