Figure 2.

Single-dose intranasal immunization induces superior airway T cell responses over intramuscular immunization

(A) Left, bar graphs depicting absolute number of S1-specific IFNγ⁺ CD8⁺ T cells in the BAL at 2 (red) and 4 (blue) weeks post-immunization. Right, representative flow cytometric dotplots of IFN-γ⁺ CD8⁺ T cells in the BAL following ex vivo stimulation with overlapping peptide pools for S1.

(B) Bar graphs depicting multifunctional CD8⁺ T cell responses in the BAL as measured by production of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and/or IL-2 at 4 weeks post-immunization, following ex vivo stimulation with overlapping peptide pools for S1.

(C) Stacked bar graph depicting the frequency of cytotoxic CD8⁺ T cells in the BAL as measured by Granzyme B production at 4 weeks post-immunization, following ex vivo stimulation with DMSO (red) or overlapping peptide pools for S1 (blue).

(D–F) is the same as (A–C) but following stimulation with overlapping peptide pools for nucleocapsid.

(G–I) is the same as (A–C) but following stimulation with overlapping peptide pools for RdRp.

Data presented in (A–I) represent mean ± SEM. Statistical analysis were Mann-Whitney tests. Data are pooled from 2 independent experiments, n = 3–6 mice/group. ∗p < 0.05; ∗∗p < 0.01.

See also Figures S2 and S4.