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A schematic diagram of the activation of NRF2 signaling and the development of CSC-like properties in CD133-enriched cancer cells. In colonospheres and the CD133-positive cell fraction, high CD133 levels induce PI3K/AKT activation and subsequently inactivate GSK-3β to stabilize NRF2 protein, which results in the acquisition of CSC-like properties, including anchorage-independent growth, sphere formation, facilitated migration, and resistance to anticancer drugs.
