Table 1.
Comparison of characteristics between non-frail and frail groups.
| Variables | Non-frail (n = 49) | Frail (n = 25) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| General information | Age (years), mean (SD) | 76.22 (8.26) | 76.56 (8.58) | 0.871 |
| Male, no (%) | 31 (63.3) | 17 (68.0) | 0.687 | |
| High school and above, no (%) | 29 (70.7) | 11 (47.8) | 0.069 | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 24.88 (3.80) | 25.40 (3.77) | 0.580 | |
| Smoking, no (%) | 17 (34.7) | 11 (44.0) | 0.435 | |
| Drinking, no (%) | 13 (26.5) | 10 (40.0) | 0.236 | |
| Frailty assessment | Walking speed (m/s), mean (SD) | 0.97 (0.25) | 0.67 (0.30) | <0.001* |
| Grip strength (kg), mean (SD) | 28.18 (7.94) | 21.71 (8.50) | 0.004* | |
| Shrink, no (%) | 3 (6.1) | 6 (24.0) | 0.026* | |
| Inactivity, no (%) | 6 (12.2) | 15 (60.0) | <0.001* | |
| Self-reported fatigue, no (%) | 24 (49.0) | 17 (68.0) | 0.119 | |
| Blood pressure | Systolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean (SD) | 139 (16.04) | 141 (24.00) | 0.751 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean (SD) | 74 (11.20) | 75 (11.46) | 0.757 | |
| Chronic diseases | Hypertension, no (%) | 38 (77.6) | 21 (84.0) | 0.514 |
| Diabetes mellitus, no (%) | 17 (34.7) | 9 (36.0) | 0.911 | |
| Coronary heart disease, no (%) | 19 (38.8) | 13 (52.0) | 0.277 | |
| Pulmonary disease, no (%) | 7 (14.3) | 2 (8.0) | 0.434 | |
| Chronic kidney disease, no (%) | 3 (6.1) | 1 (4.0) | 0.703 | |
| Laboratory tests | Cholesterol (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 3.97 (0.82) | 4.16 (1.07) | 0.424 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 1.38 (0.92) | 1.66 (1.21) | 0.277 | |
| Low density lipoprotein (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 2.32 (0.70) | 2.56 (0.94) | 0.235 | |
| High density lipoprotein (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 1.24 (0.35) | 1.16 (0.31) | 0.373 | |
| Hemoglobin A1c (%), mean (SD) | 6.26 (1.27) | 6.65 (1.65) | 0.265 | |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 5.62 (1.86) | 6.43 (3.02) | 0.228 |
*
p < 0.05.