FIGURE 2.

The release and activity of NETs is modulated by viral infection. Interaction of neutrophils with different viruses activates extracellular or intracellular pathways that lead to the NET formation. HIV triggers TLR7 signaling in the endosomes of neutrophils leading to the production of ROS and subsequently NETs release. HIV infection of DCs triggers the production of IL-10, which suppresses the formation of NETs and may allow pathogen spreading. HRSV infection triggers TLR4 signaling at the cell surface, which results in ROS-dependent NETs release. In the case of H1N1, this virus triggers ROS independent NETs release which may prevent pathogen spreading. In contrast, the activity of DNases from Herpesviruses can degrade NETs to allow viral dissemination.