Table 2.

Comparison of natural and synthetic materials supplied for human islet organoids generation.

	Natural matrix biomaterial	Synthetic matrix material
Classification	Polysaccharide-based: alginate, chitosan, agarose, etc.	PEG, PLA, PLGA, PVA, PCL, etc.
	Protein/peptide-based: collagen, gelatin, etc.
	dECM-based
Advantages	Cell adhesion and cell interaction ability; Tissue-specific composition (specific growth factors, mechanical properties)	Reproducibility and stability; Precise and tunable mechanical conditions; Highly economic value
Limitation	May introduce cell-dedifferentiation;	Low cell adhesion and cell interaction ability
	Time-consuming and costly;
	Batch-to-batch variability;
	Poor mechanical properties and insufficient stability