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. 2022 Feb 1;2022:3079577. doi: 10.1155/2022/3079577

Table 1.

ANDRO neuropharmacological activities and possible mechanism of action.

Neurological/psychiatric disorders Results/possible mechanisms References
Alzheimer disease Neuroprotective
↓ Aβ protein
↓ Caspase-3 expression
↓ Apoptosis
↓ Neuronal cell death
([20], [44], [47], [26], [46])
Parkinson's disease Neuroprotective
↓ ROS, ↓ NO
↓ TNF-α
↓ IL-1β
↓ Lipid peroxidation
↓ Apoptosis
↓ Cell death
([22], [94], [95], [52], [50], [51], [55], [56], [57], [54])
Multiple sclerosis Neuroprotective
↓ T-cell activation
↓ IFN-γ
↓ TNF-α
↓ IL-1β, ↓ IL-2
↓ Apoptosis
([16], [62], [61], [63], [57], [96])
Cerebral ischemia Neuroprotective
β-Catenin
↓ Caspase-3
↓ NF-κB
↓ Apoptosis
↓ Neuroinflammation
([24], [27], [68], [69], [97], [70])
Intracerebral hemorrhage ↓ Brain injury
↓ Catenin-1
↓ TNF-α
↓ IL-1β
↓ IL-6
([15], [23], [98], [71], [72])
Neuropathic pain ↓ TNF-α
↓ IL-1β
↓ Neuronal excitability
↓ Central and peripheral pain sensitization
([31], [75], [76], [77])
Brain tumor ↑ p53 and ERK phosphorylation
↑ Caspase-7
↑ Apoptosis
([83], [81], [82], [84])
Depression ↓ Inflammation
↓ NO, ↓ iNOS
↓ COX-2
↓ TNF-α
↓ IL-1β, ↓ IL-6
β-Catenin
↑ BDNF
↑ pSer9
([19], [93], [92], [54], [90], [91], [89])

↑: increase; ↓: decrease; Aβ: amyloid beta; COX-2: cyclooxygenase 2; ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase; IFN: interferon; IL: interleukin; NF-κB: nuclear factor κB; NO: nitric oxide; ROS: reactive oxygen species.