Table 1.

ANDRO neuropharmacological activities and possible mechanism of action.

Neurological/psychiatric disorders	Results/possible mechanisms	References
Alzheimer disease	Neuroprotective ↓ Aβ protein ↓ Caspase-3 expression ↓ Apoptosis ↓ Neuronal cell death	([20], [44], [47], [26], [46])
Parkinson's disease	Neuroprotective ↓ ROS, ↓ NO ↓ TNF-α ↓ IL-1β ↓ Lipid peroxidation ↓ Apoptosis ↓ Cell death	([22], [94], [95], [52], [50], [51], [55], [56], [57], [54])
Multiple sclerosis	Neuroprotective ↓ T-cell activation ↓ IFN-γ ↓ TNF-α ↓ IL-1β, ↓ IL-2 ↓ Apoptosis	([16], [62], [61], [63], [57], [96])
Cerebral ischemia	Neuroprotective ↓ β-Catenin ↓ Caspase-3 ↓ NF-κB ↓ Apoptosis ↓ Neuroinflammation	([24], [27], [68], [69], [97], [70])
Intracerebral hemorrhage	↓ Brain injury ↓ Catenin-1 ↓ TNF-α ↓ IL-1β ↓ IL-6	([15], [23], [98], [71], [72])
Neuropathic pain	↓ TNF-α ↓ IL-1β ↓ Neuronal excitability ↓ Central and peripheral pain sensitization	([31], [75], [76], [77])
Brain tumor	↑ p53 and ERK phosphorylation ↑ Caspase-7 ↑ Apoptosis	([83], [81], [82], [84])
Depression	↓ Inflammation ↓ NO, ↓ iNOS ↓ COX-2 ↓ TNF-α ↓ IL-1β, ↓ IL-6 ↑ β-Catenin ↑ BDNF ↑ pSer9	([19], [93], [92], [54], [90], [91], [89])

↑: increase; ↓: decrease; Aβ: amyloid beta; COX-2: cyclooxygenase 2; ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase; IFN: interferon; IL: interleukin; NF-κB: nuclear factor κB; NO: nitric oxide; ROS: reactive oxygen species.