TABLE 3.
Comparison of the serum levels of renal and hepatic function biomarkers at the baseline and after 6 months of intervention between the different groups
| Variable |
Placebo group (n = 29) |
CUR group (n = 30) |
NS group (n = 28) |
CUR‐NS group (n = 28) |
p‐value (between)† | Adjusted p‐value (between)†† |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Urea | ||||||
| Baseline | 23.16 ± 5.14 | 23.38 ± 7.24 | 26.04 ± 6.43 | 24.83 ± 4.71 | .301 | |
| After intervention | 26.64 ± 8.97 | 24.92 ± 6.38 | 28.23 ± 5.91 | 25.12 ± 7.15 | .328 | |
| Mean difference (95% CI) | 2.76 (−1.79 to 7.31) | 2.04 (−0.79 to 4.88) | 2.64 (−0.46 to 5.74) | −0.15 (−4.23 to 3.93) | .638 | .781 |
| p‐value (within)* | .22 | .148 | .092 | .939 | ||
| Creatinine | ||||||
| Baseline | 0.91 ± 0.12 | 0.92 ± 0.15 | 0.99 ± 0.15 | 0.88 ± 0.15 | .013 a | |
| After intervention | 0.66 ± 0.17 | 0.67 ± 0.28 | 0.77 ± 0.26 | 0.62 ± 0.21 | .120 | |
| Mean difference (95% CI) | −0.27 (−0.35 to −0.18) | −0.25 (−0.37 to −0.14) | −0.23 (−0.33 to −0.12) | −0.27 (−0.37 to −0.17) | .913 | .104 |
| p‐value (within)* | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | ||
| AST | ||||||
| Baseline | 27.04 ± 8.72 | 28.65 ± 17.32 | 30.92 ± 12.28 | 26.87 ± 9.61 | .668 | |
| After intervention | 25.25 ± 7.33 | 23.64 ± 6.39 | 24.08 ± 7.96 | 27.42 ± 20.29 | .683 | |
| Mean difference (95% CI) | −1.83 (−6.11 to 2.45) | −6.18 (−15.36 to 2.99) | −6.14 (−11.15 to −1.12) | −1.15 (−9.02 to 6.72) | .591 | .899 |
| p‐value (within)* | .379 | .176 | .019 | .763 | ||
| ALT | ||||||
| Baseline | 15.61 ± 6.71 | 12.92 ± 7.22 | 15.17 ± 7.79 | 14.83 ± 7.71 | .587 | |
| After intervention | 11.42 ± 4.73 | 9.20 ± 2.97 | 8.96 ± 4.19 | 9.71 ± 7.15 | .307 | |
| Mean difference (95% CI) | −4.33 (−8.02 to −0.65) | −3.59 (−6.09 to −1.09) | −5.62 (−8.81 to −2.43) | −4.95 (−8.75 to −1.15) | .810 | 0.845 |
| p‐value (within)* | .024 | .007 | .002 | .013 |
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or mean difference (95%CI).
Abbreviations: ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate transaminase; CI, confidence interval; CUR, nanomicelle curcumin; NS, Nigella sativa oil.
*p‐value based on the paired‐samples t‐test. † p‐value based on the one‐way ANOVA. †† p‐value based on the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) adjusted for the baseline measures, total physical activity, age, BMI, gravida, menopausal age, and BMD of lumbar spine. The LSD post hoc test was carried out when significant differences were found. p‐values of statistical significance (p < .05) are presented in bold.
Significant differences between the NS and other groups.