FIGURE 5.

Visual representation of the concept of Alzheimer disease deep phenotyping to aid in precision medicine approaches. Heterogeneity of the disease (ie. the neuropathologic landscape) is illustrated by the diversity of the affected population and pathological phenotypes (bottom left). Microscopy, staining, and structural studies (top) as well as additional technologies (bottom right) including in-vivo positron emission tomography and machine learning algorithms are valuable tools for enhanced characterization. The arrows illustrate the synergetic interconnectedness of all aspects to create the deep phenotype leading to precision medicine. Figure created with BioRender.com.