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. 2022 Feb 7;22(1):17. doi: 10.1093/jisesa/ieab096

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Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America 2022.

This work is written by (a) US Government employee(s) and is in the public domain in the US.

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Fig. 4. — Effects on hive management on virus levels based on relative quantification according to ∆Ct. A) Levels of the AKI virus complex were increased by migratory conditions during adulthood. (P < 0.0125). B) Migration experienced during adulthood also influenced Black queen cell virus, which was most abundant in samples from the migratory treatment early in the season and least abundant in migratory samples late in the season, with stationary samples intermediate and exhibiting a less pronounced seasonal decrease. C) Deformed wing virus was influenced by developmental conditions; samples that developed in migratory hives exhibited the lowest levels early in the season, but the highest late in the season. Individuals that experienced stationary conditions during development were intermediate and exhibited a less pronounced seasonal increase. Different letters indicate significant differences when interactions occurred (P < 0.0125).