Fig. 5.

Effects on hive management on nonviral pathogens based on relative quantification according to ∆Ct. A) Overall, Nosema did not significantly differ among the different treatment groups. B) Experimental treatment alone did not affect overall trypanosome levels. However, workers that were in migratory hives as adults showed high levels early in the season and low levels later, while this decrease in workers under stationary conditions was much smaller. Different letters indicate significant differences (P < 0.0125).