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. 2022 Feb 8;12:2132. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-05702-0

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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K3-SPG induces type I IFN and Th1 type immune response more potently than conventional TLR9 ligands. (A) (Left panel) Production of IFN-α by human PBMC stimulated with K3 (5, 25 μg/mL), K3-SPG (1, 5 μg/mL), and D35 (5, 25 μg/mL) for 24 h was measured by ELISA. (Right panel) Production of IL-12p40 by human PBMC stimulated with K3 (5, 25 μg/mL), K3-SPG (5, 25 μg/mL), and D35 (5, 25 μg/mL) for 24 h was measured by ELISA. (B) The relative expression levels of IFNA, IFNB, IFNG, MXA, RANTES, IL12, CD80, CD86, IL6 and TNFA mRNA induced by K3 (5 μg/mL) or K3-SPG (1 μg/mL) were measured by quantitative real-time PCR. The results were normalized to the expression of GAPDH. Data are representative of two independent experiments with similar results. Error bars represent the mean ± SEM. Statistically significant differences were measured by one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey–Kramer test. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.