Table 1.
Characteristics of the study sample.
| n | 88 |
|---|---|
| Age, years, median (IQR) | 10.00 (4.00) |
| Range | 6–16 |
| Gender: Male | 59 (67.05) |
| Height, cm | 143.78 ± 16.39 |
| Weight, kg | 41.76 ± 16.64 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 19.49 ± 4.51 |
| Parental history of rhinitis (Y/N) | 52 (59.09) |
| Parental education (>8 years) | 69 (79.31) |
| Crowding Index | |
| 0 | 1 (1.16) |
| 1 | 42 (48.84) |
| ≥2 | 43 (50.00) |
| Indoor exposure in the last 12 months* (Y/N) | 37 (42.53) |
| Outdoor exposure in the last 12 months§ (Y/N) | 58 (66.67) |
| ARIA classes | |
| Mild Intermittent | 20 (22.73) |
| Moderate-severe intermittent | 28 (31.82) |
| Mild persistent | 5 (5.68) |
| Moderate-severe persistent | 35 (39.77) |
| Disease duration, years | 3.94 ± 3.34 |
| Comorbidities ∧ | |
| Allergic conjunctivitis | 15 (17.44) |
| Primary snoring | 33 (37.93) |
| SPT wheal size (mm), median (range)## | 4 (3–12) |
| Nasal parameters | |
| Log nNO, ppb | 6.76 ± 1.10 |
| Nasal cytology | |
| Log Eosinophils | −0.91 ± 3.08 |
| Eosinophils | 4.06 ± 6.18 |
| Log Neutrophils | −2.47 ± 3.50 |
| Neutrophils | 7.26 ± 13.11 |
| Log Mast cells | −2.64 ± 2.91 |
| Mast cells | 7.28 ± 0.23 |
| Nasal pH◦ | 7.28 ± 0.23 |
| IL-5 pg/ml◦ | 10.43 ± 11.48 |
| IL-17 pg/ml◦ | 1.44 ± 2.50 |
| IL-23 pg/ml◦ | 7.08 ± 4.08 |
| IFN-γ pg/ml◦ | 6.49 ± 3.64 |
| Subjective measurements | |
| Nasal symptoms | 3.49 ± 1.52 |
| Eye symptoms | 2.51 ± 1.59 |
| Practical problems | 3.26 ± 1.63 |
| Activity limitation | 2.82 ± 1.38 |
| Other symptoms | 2.53 ± 1.33 |
| PRQLQ total score | 2.92 ± 1.28 |
| Sleep disturbance | 2.33 ± 0.47 |
| Sleep latency | 0.82 ± 0.90 |
| Day dysfunction due to sleepiness | 0.49 ± 0.68 |
| Sleep efficiency | 1.00 ± 1.31 |
| Self-rated sleep quality | 0.94 ± 0.84 |
| Need of medication to sleep | 0.36 ± 0.94 |
| PSQI total score | 5.95 ± 2.35 |
| T5SS | 8.56 ± 3.50 |
| T5SS ≥6 | 64 (80.00) |
Data are presented as n (%) or as mean ± SD.
∧
Lifetime;
*
Exposure to mold/pets/smoke.
§
Exposure to traffic at residential address.
##
Wheal and flare were measured, and saline-glycerin wheal size was subtracted from the grass wheal size.
◦
Missing data n = 8.
Y/N, Yes or No; BMI, Body Mass Index; ARIA, Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma; SPT, Skin Prick Test; nNO, nasal Nitric Oxide; PRQLQ, Pediatric Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; T5SS, Total 5 Symptom Score.