Figure 2.

(a) Nicotine consumption significantly decreased survival in unparasitized A3 and A4 Drosophila melanogaster flies. Nicotine consumption increased survival of parasitized A4 but not A3 flies. (b) Nicotine consumption by A4 and A3 flies significantly decreased Leptopilina heterotoma developmental success. (c) Nicotine consumption reduced A3 but not A4 adult body mass. (d) Nicotine-fed A3 and A4 flies accumulated nicotine and its metabolic byproduct cotinine across developmental stages. Asterisks indicate significant differences; n.s., not significant.