Table 2.
Baseline differences between normal sleepers and individuals with acute insomnia
| Normal sleepers (N = 737) | Individuals with acute insomnia (N = 140) | t | p | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||
| Sleep/insomnia symptoms | ||||||
| ISI—Insomnia Severity | 4.56 | 3.71 | 13.51 | 5.45 | 18.63 | .001* |
| PSQI—Sleep Disturbance | 5.87 | 2.38 | 10.82 | 3.12 | 17.83 | .001* |
| Predisposing factors | ||||||
| NEO—Neuroticism | 37.52 | 9.81 | 43.71 | 11.63 | 5.91 | .001* |
| NEO—Extraversion | 49.28 | 7.48 | 45.73 | 9.46 | −4.2 | .001* |
| NEO—Openness | 46.07 | 7.27 | 48.52 | 8.2 | 3.23 | .001* |
| NEO—Agreeableness | 53.39 | 6.51 | 52.14 | 7.32 | −1.88 | .06 |
| NEO—Conscientiousness | 52.39 | 7.71 | 48.95 | 9.27 | −4.13 | .001* |
| FIRST—Insomnia Vulnerability | 20.22 | 5.17 | 23.86 | 5.55 | 7.17 | .001* |
| APS—Arousal Predisposition | 31.56 | 7.1 | 34.56 | 8.1 | 4.1 | .001* |
| Precipitating outcomes | ||||||
| Life Events | 155.11 | 96.42 | 180.95 | 99.98 | 2.82 | .004 |
| PSS—Perceived Stress | 37.61 | 7.02 | 43.4 | 7.45 | 8.51 | .001* |
| HADS—Anxiety | 6.29 | 3.9 | 9.83 | 4.17 | 9.3 | .001* |
| HADS—Depression | 4.46 | 2.76 | 7.14 | 3.41 | 8.8 | .001* |
| Coping strategies | ||||||
| TCQ—Worry | 9.69 | 2.83 | 10.77 | 2.91 | 4.06 | .001* |
| TCQ—Distraction | 14.95 | 2.89 | 14.37 | 3.32 | −1.92 | .056 |
| TCQ—Punishment | 9.46 | 2.39 | 10.37 | 2.86 | 3.52 | .001* |
| TCQ—Reappraisal | 13.14 | 3.42 | 13.73 | 2.95 | 2.11 | .035 |
| TCQ—Social Control | 12.97 | 4.23 | 12.28 | 3.99 | −1.85 | .065 |
| BRIEF COPE—Adaptive | 15.55 | 5.51 | 17.05 | 5.49 | −2.96 | .003 |
| BRIEF COPE—Maladaptive | 13.09 | 4.72 | 13.69 | 4.48 | 1.45 | .15 |
| Perpetuating factors | ||||||
| FFS—Fatigue | 11.03 | 5.2 | 17.45 | 5.6 | 12.58 | .001* |
| DBAS-16—Dysfunctional Beliefs | 58.71 | 22.46 | 82.25 | 26.36 | 9.91 | .001* |
| SPS-CB—Cog/Behav Sleep Preoccupation | 45.34 | 14.08 | 54.32 | 13.89 | 7 | .001* |
| SPS-A—Affective Sleep Preoccupation | 14.27 | 5.57 | 24.66 | 8.64 | 13.7 | .001* |
| PSAS-S—Somatic Pre-Sleep Arousal | 10.58 | 3.52 | 13.45 | 5.21 | 6.24 | .001* |
| PSAS-C—Cognitive Pre-Sleep Arousal | 13.24 | 4.5 | 16.48 | 4.78 | 7.4 | .001* |
ISI, insomnia severity index; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; NEO, five factor inventory; FIRST, ford insomnia response to stress test; APS, arousal predisposition scale; PSS, perceived stress scale; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; TCQ, thought control questionnaire; BRIEF COPE, brief cope; FFS, fliders fatigue scale; DBAS 16, dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes to sleep scale (16 Item); SPS, sleep preoccupation scale; PSAS, pre-sleep arousal scale.