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. 2021 Apr 13;44(9):zsab095. doi: 10.1093/sleep/zsab095

Table 3.

Baseline differences between those who naturally remit and those whose insomnia persists

Natural remitters (N = 78) Persistent insomnia (N = 51) t p
Mean SD Mean SD
Sleep/insomnia symptoms
 ISI—Insomnia Severity at Baseline 11.94 5.81 16.04 4.02 4.4 .001*
 PSQI—Sleep Disturbance 10.3 3.09 11.75 3.21 2.56 .012
Predisposing factors
 NEO—Neuroticism 42.4 11.4 46 11.4 1.76 .082
 NEO—Extraversion 46.13 9 45.18 10.36 −0.55 .582
 NEO—Openness 48 8.08 48.55 8.73 0.37 .713
 NEO—Agreeableness 51.9 6.58 51.53 8.15 −0.29 .775
 NEO—Conscientiousness 48.41 8.87 49.33 9.38 0.57 .571
 FIRST—Insomnia Vulnerability 23.5 5.78 24.82 5.1 1.33 .186
 APS—Arousal Predisposition 34.01 8.2 35.98 7.29 1.39 .167
Precipitating outcomes
 Life Events 181.86 103.66 181.04 97.99 −0.05 .96
 PSS—Perceived Stress 42.77 7.71 44.79 7.19 1.5 .136
 HADS—Anxiety 9.53 4.53 10.55 3.66 1.38 .174
 HADS—Depression 6.69 3.21 8.2 3.6 2.52 .013
Coping strategies
 TCQ—Worry 10.56 2.86 11.22 3.02 1.24 .218
 TCQ—Distraction 14.54 3.29 14.16 3.35 −0.65 .518
 TCQ—Punishment 10.32 2.8 10.45 2.86 0.26 .792
 TCQ—Reappraisal 13.64 2.83 14.16 3.28 0.95 .345
 TCQ—Social Control 12.12 3.73 12.7 4.43 0.81 .42
 BRIEF COPE—Adaptive 16.67 5 17.88 6.36 −1.21 .23
 BRIEF COPE—Maladaptive 13.52 4.72 14.06 4.5 −0.65 .52
Perpetuating factors
 FFS—Fatigue 16.41 5.94 19.12 4.51 −2.77 .006
 DBAS-16—Dysfunctional Beliefs 79.04 26.03 89.72 26.58 −2.26 .026
 SPS-CB—Cog/Behav Sleep Preoccupation 54.93 14.74 54.17 12.73 0.3 .76
 SPS-A—Affective SleepPreoccupation 23.31 8.74 27.56 8.3 −2.76 .007
 PSAS-S—Somatic Pre-Sleep Arousal 13.39 5.61 13.84 4.87 −0.48 .64
 PSAS-C—Cognitive Pre-Sleep Arousal 16.14 4.84 17.16 4.41 −1.21 .23

ISI, insomnia severity index; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; NEO, five factor inventory; FIRST, ford insomnia response to stress test; APS, arousal predisposition scale; PSS, perceived stress scale; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; TCQ, thought control questionnaire; BRIEF COPE, brief cope; FFS, fliders fatigue scale; DBAS 16, dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes to sleep scale (16 Item); SPS, sleep preoccupation scale; PSAS, pre-sleep arousal scale.