Table 3.
Baseline differences between those who naturally remit and those whose insomnia persists
Natural remitters (N = 78) | Persistent insomnia (N = 51) | t | p | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||
Sleep/insomnia symptoms | ||||||
ISI—Insomnia Severity at Baseline | 11.94 | 5.81 | 16.04 | 4.02 | 4.4 | .001* |
PSQI—Sleep Disturbance | 10.3 | 3.09 | 11.75 | 3.21 | 2.56 | .012 |
Predisposing factors | ||||||
NEO—Neuroticism | 42.4 | 11.4 | 46 | 11.4 | 1.76 | .082 |
NEO—Extraversion | 46.13 | 9 | 45.18 | 10.36 | −0.55 | .582 |
NEO—Openness | 48 | 8.08 | 48.55 | 8.73 | 0.37 | .713 |
NEO—Agreeableness | 51.9 | 6.58 | 51.53 | 8.15 | −0.29 | .775 |
NEO—Conscientiousness | 48.41 | 8.87 | 49.33 | 9.38 | 0.57 | .571 |
FIRST—Insomnia Vulnerability | 23.5 | 5.78 | 24.82 | 5.1 | 1.33 | .186 |
APS—Arousal Predisposition | 34.01 | 8.2 | 35.98 | 7.29 | 1.39 | .167 |
Precipitating outcomes | ||||||
Life Events | 181.86 | 103.66 | 181.04 | 97.99 | −0.05 | .96 |
PSS—Perceived Stress | 42.77 | 7.71 | 44.79 | 7.19 | 1.5 | .136 |
HADS—Anxiety | 9.53 | 4.53 | 10.55 | 3.66 | 1.38 | .174 |
HADS—Depression | 6.69 | 3.21 | 8.2 | 3.6 | 2.52 | .013 |
Coping strategies | ||||||
TCQ—Worry | 10.56 | 2.86 | 11.22 | 3.02 | 1.24 | .218 |
TCQ—Distraction | 14.54 | 3.29 | 14.16 | 3.35 | −0.65 | .518 |
TCQ—Punishment | 10.32 | 2.8 | 10.45 | 2.86 | 0.26 | .792 |
TCQ—Reappraisal | 13.64 | 2.83 | 14.16 | 3.28 | 0.95 | .345 |
TCQ—Social Control | 12.12 | 3.73 | 12.7 | 4.43 | 0.81 | .42 |
BRIEF COPE—Adaptive | 16.67 | 5 | 17.88 | 6.36 | −1.21 | .23 |
BRIEF COPE—Maladaptive | 13.52 | 4.72 | 14.06 | 4.5 | −0.65 | .52 |
Perpetuating factors | ||||||
FFS—Fatigue | 16.41 | 5.94 | 19.12 | 4.51 | −2.77 | .006 |
DBAS-16—Dysfunctional Beliefs | 79.04 | 26.03 | 89.72 | 26.58 | −2.26 | .026 |
SPS-CB—Cog/Behav Sleep Preoccupation | 54.93 | 14.74 | 54.17 | 12.73 | 0.3 | .76 |
SPS-A—Affective SleepPreoccupation | 23.31 | 8.74 | 27.56 | 8.3 | −2.76 | .007 |
PSAS-S—Somatic Pre-Sleep Arousal | 13.39 | 5.61 | 13.84 | 4.87 | −0.48 | .64 |
PSAS-C—Cognitive Pre-Sleep Arousal | 16.14 | 4.84 | 17.16 | 4.41 | −1.21 | .23 |
ISI, insomnia severity index; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; NEO, five factor inventory; FIRST, ford insomnia response to stress test; APS, arousal predisposition scale; PSS, perceived stress scale; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; TCQ, thought control questionnaire; BRIEF COPE, brief cope; FFS, fliders fatigue scale; DBAS 16, dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes to sleep scale (16 Item); SPS, sleep preoccupation scale; PSAS, pre-sleep arousal scale.