Table 2.
Diagnostic performance of the unified CNN-RNN model on the training, validation, and testing sets.
| ICH subtype | Diagnostic metrics | Confusion matrix | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sensitivity (95% CI) |
Specificity (95% CI) |
Precision (95% CI) | Accuracy (95% CI) |
AUROC (95% CI) |
Predictions | Ref. test | ||
| Pos | Neg | |||||||
| Training |
97.72 (97.47–97.96) |
98.49 (98.36–98.61) |
96.45 (96.15–96.74) |
98.26 (98.15–98.37 |
0.992 (0.991–0.993) |
14,406 | 336 | Pos |
| ICH-Binary | 531 | 34,695 | Neg | |||||
| IPH |
93.19 (92.67–93.69) |
99.27 (99.18–99.37) |
96.74 (96.37–97.10) |
98.12 (98–98.24) |
0.990 (0.989–0.991) |
8780 | 642 | Pos |
| 296 | 40,250 | Neg | ||||||
| IVH |
91.83 (91.11–92.55) |
99.54 (98.47–99.60) |
96.14 (95.62–96.66) |
98.69 (98.53–98.78) |
0.993 (0.991–0.994) |
5083 | 452 | Pos |
| 204 | 44,229 | Neg | ||||||
| SAH |
81.37 (80.56–82.17) |
98.57 (98.45–98.68) |
92.53 (91.95–93.11) |
95.49 (95.30–95.66) |
0.978 (0.976–0.980 |
7287 | 1668 | Pos |
| 588 | 40,425 | Neg | ||||||
| SDH |
87.35 (86.57–88.13) |
98.94 (98.84–99.04) |
93.09 (92.48–93.71) |
97.31 (97.17–97.48) |
0.956 (0.954–0.958) |
6134 | 888 | Pos |
| 455 | 42,491 | Neg | ||||||
| EDH |
78.47 (76.11–80.822 |
98.94 (98.84–99.01) |
63.28 (60.79–65.76) |
98.43 (98.32–98.53) |
0.988 (0.987–989) |
915 | 251 | Pos |
| 531 | 48,271 | Neg | ||||||
| Validation |
99.70 (99.35–100) |
99.34 (99.09–99.58) |
97.24 (96.24–98.25) |
99.41 (99.19–99.61) |
0.998 (0.996–0.999) |
988 | 3 | Pos |
| ICH-Binary | 28 | 4192 | Neg | |||||
| IPH |
95.90 (94.38–97.41) |
99.28 (99.02–99.42) |
95.03 (93.38–96.68) |
98.85 (98.55–99.13) |
0.998 (0.997–1) |
631 | 27 | Pos |
| 33 | 4520 | Neg | ||||||
| IVH |
95.22 (93.16–97.26) |
99.56 (99.37–99.74) |
94.99 (92.90–97.08) |
99.21 (98.97–99.45) |
0.998 (0.992–1) |
398 | 20 | Pos |
| 21 | 4772 | Neg | ||||||
| SAH |
84.50 (81.60–87.39) |
99.09 (98.81–99.20) |
92.35 (90.13–94.57) |
97.41 (96.47–97.84) |
0.991 (0.981–0.999) |
507 | 93 | Pos |
| 42 | 4569 | Neg | ||||||
| SDH |
91.13 (88.50–93.75) |
99.33 (99.10–99.55) |
92.78 (90.37–95.19) |
98.62 (98.30–98.90) |
0.974 (0.972–0.976) |
411 | 40 | Pos |
| 32 | 4728 | Neg | ||||||
| EDH |
74.61 (64.48–84.73) |
98.83 (98.49–99.16) |
51.56 (41.80–61.11) |
98.50 (98.16–98.83) |
0.980 (0.970–0.983) |
53 | 18 | Pos |
| 50 | 5090 | Neg | ||||||
| Testing |
96.41 (93.58–99.22) |
95.79 (93.45–98.18) |
93.06 (89.28–96.85) |
96.02 (94.21–97.82 |
0.961 (0.941–0.982) |
161 | 6 | Pos |
| ICH-Binary | 12 | 273 | Neg | |||||
| IPH |
82.56 (74.53–90.57) |
97.54 (95.95–99.12) |
88.75 (81.83–95.67) |
94.69 (92.62–96.75) |
0.905 (0.888–0.925) |
71 | 15 | Pos |
| 9 | 357 | Neg | ||||||
| IVH |
86.84 (66.94–97.58) |
98.31 (97.06–99.55) |
82.50 (70.72–94.28) |
97.35 (95.86–98.82) |
0.925 (0.900–0.950) |
33 | 5 | Pos |
| 7 | 407 | Neg | ||||||
| SAH |
91.67 (83.84–99.48) |
86.14 (82.76–89.5) |
44 (34.27–53.73) |
86.73 (83.69–89.85) |
0.889 (0.863–0.925) |
44 | 4 | Pos |
| 56 | 348 | Neg | ||||||
| SDH |
88.16 (80.89–95.42) |
90.16 (87.14–93.17) |
64.42 (55.22–73.62) |
89.82 (87.03–92.61) |
0.891 (0.870–0.91) |
67 | 9 | Pos |
| 37 | 339 | Neg | ||||||
| EDH |
71.4 (47.72–95.07) |
99.98 (99.84–1) |
90.91 (73.92–100) |
98.89 (97.15–99.9) |
0.980 (0.96–1) |
10 | 4 | Pos |
| 1 | 437 | Neg | ||||||
*EDH epidural hemorrhage, ICH intracranial hemorrhage, IPH intra-parenchymal hemorrhage, SAH subarachnoid hemorrhage, SDH subdural hemorrhage.