TABLE 4.

Examples of LAB providing biocontrol against spoilage organisms through competition for nutrients or ions.

LAB	Target organism	Mechanism of inhibition	References
Lac. paracasei	Penicillium solitum DCS 302 Penicillium sp. nov. DCS 1541	Competition for glucose and glutamine	Honoré et al., 2016
Lactobacillus hilgardii	Oenococcus oeni	Competition for peptides	Fernández et al., 2010
Lactococcus piscium CNCM I-4031	Listeria monocytogenes	Competition for glucose, nitrogenous nutrients and vitamins, iron and magnesium	Saraoui et al., 2016
Lactococcus piscium CNCM I-4031	Brochothrix thermosphacta	Competition glucose, and amino-acids	Fall et al., 2012
Lactococcus piscium CNCM I-4031	Listeria monocytogenes RF191	Competition for nitrogenous nutrients and carbonic nutrients	Fall et al., 2010
Lac. rhamnosus R-2002	Mucor plumbeus; Penicillium aurantioviolaceum	Competition for glucose and glycerol	Toplaghaltsyan et al., 2017
Lac. rhamnosus Lac. paracasei	Penicillium brevicompactum Penicillium crustosum Penicillium solitum Torulaspora delbrueckii Cryptococcus fragicola	Competition for trace element, mainly for manganese ions	Siedler et al., 2020
Lp. plantarum LP37	Penicillium crustosum Penicillium solitum Penicillium commune Penicillium glabrum Penicillium palitans Mucor plumbeus Mucor circinelloides	Competition for trace element, mainly for manganese ions	Shi and Knøchel, 2021
Lp. plantarum	Enterobacteriaceae	Competition for trace element, mainly for manganese ions	Bruyneel et al., 1990
Lp. plantarum MDC9661	Mucor plumbeus; Penicillium aurantioviolaceum	Competition for trace element, mainly for magnesium ions	Matevosyan et al., 2020
Lp. plantarum MDC9661	Mucor plumbeus; Penicillium aurantioviolaceum	Competition for trace element, mainly for calcium ions	Matevosyan et al., 2020

The names of LAB strains in the table are shown based on the new taxonomy (Zheng et al., 2020).