Table 2.
Salt intake (as calculated from 24 hour urinary sodium excretion), other 24 hour urinary measurements, and blood pressure based on intention-to-treat analysis
| Control | Intervention | Difference (95% CI) in change (intervention v control)†, P value | Adjusted difference (95% CI) in change†‡ (intervention v control), P value | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No of participants | Baseline mean (SD) | 12 month mean (SD) |
Change* (95% CI) | No of participants | Baseline mean (SD) | 12 month mean (SD) |
Change* (95% CI) | ||||||||
| Children | |||||||||||||||
| Salt intake (g/day) | 294 | 5.6 (2.1) | 6.1 (2.3) | 0.52 (0.26 to 0.78) | 296 | 5.5 (1.9) | 5.7 (2.3) | 0.19 (−0.07 to 0.44) | −0.33 (−0.69 to 0.03) | 0.07 | −0.25 (−0.61 to 0.12) | 0.18 | |||
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 295 | 92.5 (9.8) | 95.3 (8.7) | 2.65 (1.53 to 3.77) | 297 | 92.8 (9.7) | 94.3 (9.9) | 1.46 (0.36 to 2.56) | −1.19 (−2.76 to 0.38) | 0.14 | −0.76 (−2.37 to 0.86) | 0.36 | |||
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 295 | 64.0 (8.2) | 65.5 (7.4) | 1.40 (0.43 to 2.37) | 297 | 64.3 (8.5) | 64.5 (7.8) | 0.12 (−0.83 to 1.08) | −1.28 (−2.64 to 0.09) | 0.07 | −1.05 (−2.45 to 0.34) | 0.14 | |||
| Urinary sodium (mmol/24 hours) |
294 | 95.3 (35.0) | 104.3 (39.0) | 8.88 (4.49 to 13.27) | 296 | 94.1 (33.2) | 96.9 (38.6) | 3.16 (−1.16 to 7.48) | −5.72 (−11.88 to 0.44) | 0.07 | −4.23 (−10.46 to 2.00) | 0.18 | |||
| Urinary potassium (mmol/24 hours) |
294 | 24.5 (8.0) | 25.0 (8.3) | 0.55 (−0.62 to 1.72) | 296 | 24.3 (7.9) | 25.1 (8.5) | 0.75 (−0.41 to 1.90) | 0.20 (−1.44 to 1.84) | 0.81 | 0.29 (−1.39 to 1.98) | 0.73 | |||
| Sodium-to- potassium ratio |
294 | 4.2 (1.8) | 4.5 (2.0) | 0.27 (0.02 to 0.53) | 296 | 4.2 (1.7) | 4.3 (2.3) | 0.10 (−0.15 to 0.35) | −0.17 (−0.53 to 0.19) | 0.35 | −0.10 (−0.46 to 0.27) | 0.61 | |||
| Urinary creatinine (mmol/24 hours) |
294 | 4.9 (1.3) | 5.3 (1.2) | 0.31 (0.19 to 0.44) | 296 | 4.8 (1.2) | 5.2 (1.3) | 0.45 (0.33 to 0.58) | 0.14 (−0.04 to 0.32) | 0.13 | 0.14 (−0.04 to 0.33) | 0.13 | |||
| Urine volume (mL/24 hours) |
294 | 812.5 (287.6) | 895.5 (329.7) | 79.05 (38.58 to 119.52) | 296 | 877.4 (303.7) | 926.8 (355.1) | 47.04 (7.23 to 86.86) | −32.01 (−88.78 to 24.77) | 0.27 | −16.86 (−75.00 to 41.28) | 0.57 | |||
| Adults | |||||||||||||||
| Salt intake (g/day) | 587 | 10.0 (3.6) | 9.8 (3.9) | −0.30 (−0.59 to −0.01) | 593 | 10.0 (3.5) | 8.9 (3.2) | −1.18 (−1.47 to −0.89) | −0.88 (−1.29 to −0.47) | <0.001 | −0.82 (−1.24 to −0.40) | <0.001 | |||
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 590 | 118.9 (16.8) | 118.5 (17.5) | −0.32 (−1.29 to 0.65) | 594 | 118.7 (17.6) | 115.7 (16.5) | −2.86 (−3.81 to −1.90) | −2.53 (−3.90 to −1.17) | <0.001 | −1.64 (−3.01 to −0.27) | 0.02 | |||
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 590 | 77.5 (10.2) | 76.6 (11.0) | −0.82 (−1.50 to −0.14) | 594 | 76.9 (10.6) | 74.7 (9.9) | −2.01 (−2.68 to −1.34) | −1.19 (−2.15 to −0.23) | 0.02 | −0.48 (−1.44 to 0.48) | 0.33 | |||
| Urinary sodium (mmol/24 hours) |
587 | 171.6 (62.1) | 167.6 (66.1) | −5.17 (−10.15 to −0.18) | 593 | 171.7 (60.3) | 151.6 (54.2) | −20.17 (−25.05 to −15.28) | −15.00 (−21.98 to −8.03) | <0.001 | −14.02 (−21.20 to −6.83) | <0.001 | |||
| Urinary potassium (mmol/24 hours) |
587 | 39.9 (13.8) | 39.6 (13.4) | −0.52 (−1.68 to 0.64) | 593 | 39.4 (13.2) | 39.3 (13.6) | −0.38 (−1.52 to 0.76) | 0.14 (−1.49 to 1.76) | 0.87 | 0.15 (−1.53 to 1.83) | 0.86 | |||
| Sodium-to- potassium ratio |
587 | 4.6 (1.8) | 4.5 (1.8) | −0.10 (−0.25 to 0.05) | 593 | 4.6 (1.7) | 4.2 (1.8) | −0.40 (−0.54 to −0.25) | −0.30 (−0.50 to −0.09) | 0.005 | −0.27 (−0.48 to −0.06) | 0.01 | |||
| Urinary creatinine (mmol/24 hours) |
587 | 11.0 (3.2) | 10.4 (3.0) | −0.57 (−0.73 to −0.41) | 593 | 10.7 (3.1) | 10.3 (3.0) | −0.48 (−0.64 to −0.32) | 0.09 (−0.14 to 0.31) | 0.45 | 0.05 (−0.18 to 0.28) | 0.66 | |||
| Urine volume (mL/24 hours) |
587 | 1529.6 (593.9) | 1491.6 (536.2) | −48.55 (−93.62 to −3.49) | 593 | 1598.9 (582.1) | 1556.3 (530.5) | −54.27 (−98.46 to −10.08) | −5.72 (−68.84 to 57.40) | 0.86 | 36.80 (−27.48 to 101.08) | 0.26 | |||
SD=standard deviation.
Comparison of the means between baseline and 12 month follow-up. Positive values=increases from baseline to 12 month follow-up; negative values=reductions from baseline to 12-month follow-up.
Comparison between intervention and control groups in the changes from baseline to 12 month follow-up. Positive values=the intervention group had a greater increase or less decrease from baseline to 12 month follow-up than the control group; negative values=the intervention group has a greater decrease or smaller increase from baseline to 12 month follow-up than the control group.
Adjusted for age, sex, body mass index (body weight in children instead), outdoor temperature, study site, highest education level in the family; blood pressure values were further adjusted for physical activity and alcohol consumption in adults only.