Table 1.
Rotavirus vaccine response in infants with and without history of breastfeedinga.
| Reference | Location | Income groupc | Vaccine | No of Doses | Measured outcomes | Type of feeding |
p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BF | Non-BF | |||||||
| Protection against RVGE | ||||||||
| Gastanaduy et al. 2016 [35] | Botswana | UM | RV1 | 2 | Effectivenessb after 1 or 2 years (95% CI) | 50 (−12, 78) | 51 (−18, 80) | NS |
| Gruber et al. 2017 [49] | Kenya and Mali | L, LM | RV5 | 3 | Efficacy after 1 year (95% CI) | 49 (28–63) | 52 (−13, 80) | NS |
| Efficacy after 2 years (95% CI) | 29 (14–41) | 37 (−4, 62) | NS | |||||
| Gruber et al. 2017 [49] | Bangladesh and Vietnam | LM | RV5 | 3 | Efficacy after 1 year (95% CI) | 53 (25–71) | 61 (−23, 88) | NS |
| Efficacy after 2 years (95% CI) | 38 (13–56) | 60 (12, 82) | NS | |||||
| Rennels et al. 1995 [52] | USA | H | RRV-S1 | 3 | Efficacy after 2 years (95% CI) | 28 (−43, 63) | 39 (−19, 69) | NS |
| RRV-TV | 3 | Efficacy after 2 years (95% CI) | 51 (−6–77) | 50 (0–75) | NS | |||
| Goveia et al. 2008 [51] | USA | H | WC3 | Efficacy after 1 year (95% CI) | 68 (54–78) | 68 (46–82) | NS | |
| Vesikari et al. 2012 [50] | Europe | H | RV1 | 2 | Efficacy after 1 year (95% CI) | 86 (77–92) | 91 (73–98) | NS |
| Efficacy after 2 years (95% CI) | 69 (56–78) | 89 (64–97) | NS | |||||
| Immunogenicity | ||||||||
| Bautista-Marquez et al. 2016 [53] | Mexico | UM | RV1 | 2 | RV-IgA seroresponse GMT (95% CI) | 236 (147–378) | 578 (367–910) | 0.007 |
| Stool RV-vaccine shedding rate | 22% | 43% | 0.016 | |||||
| Friedman et al. 1993 [54] | Israel | H | RRV-TV | 2 | RV-IgA seroconversion rate | 50% | 60% | NS |
| Rennels et al. 1995 [52] | USA | H | RRV-S1 | 3 | RV-IgA seroconversion rate | 68% | 71% | NS |
| RRV-TV | 3 | RV-IgA seroconversion rate | 71% | 72% | NS | |||
| Vesikari et al. 2012 [50] | Europe | H | RV1 | 2 | RV-IgA seroconversion rate | 86% | 89% | NS |
| RV-IgA seroresponse GMT (95% CI) | 185 (161–214) | 232 (186–288) | NS | |||||
Full-dose vaccination studies assessing the effect breast-feeding vs bottle feeding. History of infants’ feeding practices was collected by parents or guardians.
Against severe RVGE.
World Bank list of economies (December 2016) low-income (L) economies are defined as those with a GNI per capita, of $1,025 or less in 2015; lower middle-income (LM) economies are those with a GNI per capita between $1,026 and $4,035; upper middle-income (UM) economies are those with a GNI per capita between $4,036 and $12,475; high-income (H) economies are those with a GNI per capita of $12,476 or more.
RV: rotavirus; BF: rreastfeeding; RVGE: rotavirus gastroenteritis; NS: non-statistically significant (p > 0.05); OR: odds ratio, GMT: geometric mean titer; RRV-S1: rhesus-human reassortant monovalent serotype 1; RRV-TV: rhesus-human reassortant tetravalent; RV1: rotarix; RV5: rotateq.