TABLE 1.

Oncolytic viruses with enhanced virus replication and killing ability.

Virus backbone	New virus	Modification	Reason	Result	Reference
HSV a	Synco-2D	Addition of hyperfusogenic glycoprotein of gibbon ape leukemia virus into Baco1	Increase fusogenic ability	Increased survival and reduced metastasis in mouse ovarian, prostate and breast cancer	(Nakamori et al., 2003, 2004a, 2004b)
HSV	OncSyn	gBsyn3 syncytial mutation incorporated into an already attenuated HSV-1 virus (NV1020)	Increase fusogenic ability	Reduced mouse tumor growth and metastasis breast cancer model	(Israyelyan et al., 2007, 2008)
HSV	OncdSyn	A second syncytia-enhancing mutation introduced into viral glyco-protein K of OncSyn	Increase fusogenic ability	Reduced and/or inhibited mouse breast tumor metastases	Israyelyan et al. (2008)
HSV	ΔN146	Truncation of the viral protein γ134.5 (to aa 147–263) rather than deletion as in most oncolytic HSV	Keep some anti-viral subversion functions	Reduced mouse breast tumor growth and lung metastases	Liu and He, (2019)
Adenovirus	Ad5-Δ24RGD	Addition of RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) to fiber	Expand receptor recognition	Prolonged survival in a mouse metastatic breast tumor model	Ranki et al. (2007)
Adenovirus	ColoAd1 or Enadenotuvirev	Directed evolution	Enhance killing ability	Reduced mouse colon cancer metastasis to liver	Kuhn et al. (2008)
Adenovirus	TelomeKiller	Addition of the red fluorescent protein KillerRed with E1A and E1B driven by the hTERT promoter	Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon green light irradiation	Reduced lymph node metastases size in a mouse rectal tumor model	Takehara et al. (2016)
VSV b	rVSV-NDV/FL (L289A))	Addition of a Newcastle disease virus fusion protein	Increase fusogenic ability	Prolonged survival in a multifocal liver metastases rat model	(Ebert et al., 2004; Yamaki et al., 2013)
VSV	VSV-p14	Addition of p14 fusion protein from reptilian repovirus	Increase fusogenic ability	Reduced tumor growth and increased survival in mouse breast and colon cancer models	Le Boeuf et al. (2017)
VSV	VSV-GP	Addition of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) glycoprotein	Increase safety and reduce neuro-toxicity	Prolonged survival and reduced tumor growth in a mouse melanoma model	(Muik et al., 2011, 2014; Kimpel et al., 2018)
Reovirus	T3v1, T3v2	Directed evolution	Increase replication	Prolonged survival in a mouse melanoma model	(Shmulevitz et al., 2012; Mohamed et al., 2015a)
Adenovirus		Overexpression of adenovirus death protein (ADP)	Early cell death	Tumor growth reduction	Doronin et al. (2000)

^aHSV, herpes simplex virus.

^bVSV, vesicular stomatitis virus.