TABLE 3.

Oncolytic viruses that inhibit angiogenesis and alter tumor signaling.

Virus backbone	New virus	Modification	Reason	Result	Reference
VV a	OVV-CXCR4-A-mFc	Addition of the N terminal region of CXCL2 that functions as CXCR4 antagonist	To block CXCR4 and stop cancer development	Reduced metastasis in mouse breast and ovarian tumor models	(Gil et al., 2013, 2014)
HSV b	34.5ENVE	Addition of Vasculostatin-120	To inhibit tumor vascular-ization	Prolonged survival and reduced metastasis in ovarian and breast tumor mouse models	(Bolyard et al., 2014; Meisen et al., 2015)
Sendai virus	rSeV/dMFct14 (uPA2) or BioKnife	Fusion protein modified to be cleaved by uPA and not trypsin	Selective killing in uPA-expressing cells	Reduced tumor burden in a mesothelioma mouse model cancer and reduced secondary tumor growth in a head and neck carcinoma model	(Morodomi et al., 2012; Tanaka et al., 2019)
Adenovirus	Ad.sTβRFc	Addition of a soluble form of TGF-β receptor II fused with human immunoglobulin Fc fragment	Inhibition of TGF-β signaling	Decreased bone metastasis and prolonged survival in mouse and prostate breast cancer bone metastatic tumor models	(Hu et al., 2010, 2011, 2012; Zhang et al., 2012)
Adenovirus	Ad.dcn	Addition of human decorin	Activation of anti-tumorigenic signaling pathways	Reduced tumor progression, prolonged survival and decreased bone and lung metastasis in breast cancer bone metastatic models	(Xu et al., 2015; Yang et al., 2015; Zhao et al., 2019)
Adenovirus	rAd.DCN.GM	Addition of human decorin and granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF)	Activation of anti-tumorigenic signaling pathways and immune system (natural killer cells, macrophages and dendritic cells)	Reduced tumor growth and pulmonary metastasis in a mouse colorectal cancer	Liu et al. (2017)
Adenovirus	Ad5/3-D24-hTNFa	Addition of human TNFα	Activation of apoptosis	Reduced tumor growth in a xenograft mouse model of prostate cancer and a metastatic mouse melanoma model	Hirvinen et al. (2015)
Adenovirus	Ad5/3-E2F-d24-hTNFa-IRES-hIL2	Addition of human TNFα and human IL-2	Activation of apoptosis and induction of anti-tumor immunity	Reduced tumor growth in a Syrian hamster model	Havunen et al. (2017)
Adenovirus	Ad.IR-E1A/TRAIL	Addition of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)	Activation of apoptosis	Reduced colorectal metastases in the liver in a mouse model	Sova et al. (2004)
Adenovirus	P55-HTERT-HRE-TRAIL	Addition of TRAIL to virus with E1A controlled by the hTERT promoter and E1B controlled by a hypoxia response element	Increase tumor specificity of virus replication and apoptosis activation	Prolonged survival and decreased metastasis in a mouse metastatic breast tumor model	Zhu et al. (2013)
Adenovirus	Ad/TRAIL-E1	Addition of TRAIL, with TRAIL and E1A under the control of the hTERT promoter	Increase tumor specificity of virus replication and apoptosis activation	Reduced metastasis in a peritoneal dissemination mouse tumor model; increased apoptosis in the metastases	Zhou et al. (2017)
Adenovirus	M4	Addition of a fragment of antisense STAT3 to the backbone adenovirus Ad5/dE1A	Silencing of transcription factor STAT3	Decreased tumor growth, invasiveness, and peritoneal dissemination in an orthotopic mouse model of gastric cancer	Han et al. (2009)
Adenovirus	ZD55-SATB1	Addition of SATB1 shRNA	Silencing of transcription factor SATB1	Decreased primary tumor growth and inhibited pulmonary metastasis in a metastatic prostate cancer model	Mao et al. (2015)
VV a	OVV-BECN1	Addition of Beclin-1	Activation of autophagy	Reduced tumor growth in xenograft murine models of leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma	(Lei et al., 2020; Xie et al., 2021)
NDV c	rNDV-18HL	Addition of an antibody against CD147	Blocking of CD147	Reduced liver metastasis and prolonged survival in an orthotopic mouse hepatoma model	Wei et al. (2015)
Adenovirus	Ad.wnt-E1A (delta24bp)-TSLC1	Addition of TLSC1; Viral protein E1A expression under the control of Wnt promoter	Cancer stem cell specificity of virus replication and increasing expression of TLSC1	Reduced liver metastasis in a hepatocellular carcinoma mouse model	Zhang et al. (2017)

^aVV, vaccinia virus.

^bHSV, herpes simplex virus.

^cNDV, newcastle disease virus.