Table 1.

Examples of environments in which the primary spine practitioner model is in place. This is not necessarily a complete list

Location	Program	Year Started	Environment	Direct access or referral?
Plymouth, Massachusetts, USA [21]	Spine Care & Neurosurgery Center	2009	Hospital-based	Both
New York State [23]	Excellus Spine Health Program	2014	Payer system community	Both
Botswana, India, Ghana, Dominican Republic [52]	World Spine Care	2008	Free standing clinics	Direct access
Eastern Massachusetts, USA	Atrius Health Integrated Spine Program	2015	Multi-specialty healthcare system	Both
Hanover, New Hampshire, USA [49, 50]	Primary Spine Care	2017	Primary care clinic	Both
Ontario, Canada [22]	Rapid Access Clinics	2012	Community	Referral
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA	University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Program for Spine Health	2018	Community	Referral
Chicago, USA	Midwest Orthopaedics at Rush	2018	Hospital-based	Both
Fargo, ND USA	Sanford Health Spine Center	2018	Community	Both