Table 2:
Objective and Subjective Sleep Outcomes
| Exercise N=27 | Sleep Hygiene N=28 | Group x Time Interaction |
Δ betw. Groups** Effect size (d) 95% CI |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Pre-intervention | Post-intervention | Pre-intervention | Post-intervention | |||
| Sleep Efficiency * |
F=16.04
p<0.001 |
12.1 d=1.08 (5.1, 18.9) |
||||
| Median (IQR) | 76.8 (67.5-86.2) | 83.1 (76.9-90.7)# | 80.0 (73.2-86.7) | 75.7 (66.6-82.5)+ | ||
| Mean ± SD | 75.1 ± 15.3 | 82.2 ± 12.0 | 78.7 ± 10.2 | 73.8 ± 12.3 | ||
| WASO (min.) * |
F=12.56
p<0.001 |
−54.4 d=0.96 (−89.8, −19.0) |
||||
| Median (IQR) | 90.5 (61.5-147.6) | 67.8 (42.4-98.1)# | 78.1 (52.2-114.9) | 102.4 (65.5-145.9) | ||
| Mean ± SD | 108.1 ± 70.0 | 70.2 ± 83.9 | 89.8 ± 49.2 | 106.4 ± 55.4 | ||
| Total Sleep Time (min) * |
F=7.28
p=0.0093 |
44.5 d=0.73 (6.5, 82.5) |
||||
| Median (IQR) | 388.7 (322.5-414.0) | 403.0 (364.5-436.0)+ | 371.8 (336.9-415.5) | 361.5 (321.3-400.7) | ||
| Mean ± SD | 363.5 ± 75.5 | 393.1 ± 61.1 | 370.0 ± 54.9 | 355.1 ± 62.7 | ||
| Sleep Latency * | F=0.90 p=0.35 |
−9.0 d=0.26 (−30.9, 12.9) |
||||
| Median (IQR) | 7.3 (3.9-14.3) | 4.2 (2.3-14.2) | 9.6 (4.0-14.1) | 12.3 (7.2-25.0)+ | ||
| Mean ± SD | 12.4 ± 13.5 | 14.7 ± 39.2 | 10.5 ± 7.7 | 21.7 ± 28.3 | ||
| −N1 time* (min.) | F=0.27 p=0.60 |
11.7 d=0.31 (−11.6, 34.9) |
||||
| Median (IQR) | 38.0 (28.0-55.0) | 36.0 (24.5-53.5) | 35.0 (27.8-49.8) | 35.3 (23.8-46.9) | ||
| Mean ± SD | 40.0 ± 18.0 | 49.4 ± 47.5 | 42.4 ± 22.3 | 40.1 ± 27.2 | ||
| N1% * | F=0.008 p=0.93 |
−0.2 d=0.02 (−5.2, 4.8) |
||||
| Median (IQR) | 10.3 (7.6-15.2) | 8.9 (6.1-13.5) | 9.9 (6.4-14.0) | 9.1 (7.0-13.8) | ||
| Mean ± SD | 12.0 ± 7.3 | 11.1 ± 8.7 | 12.3 ± 8.6 | 11.6 ± 8.4 | ||
| N2 time* (min.) | F=0.007 p=0.93 |
1.3 d=0.02 (−35.3, 37.9) |
||||
| Mean ± SD | 199.6 ± 51.3 | 191.7 ± 47.8 | 215.9 ± 64.1 | 206.7 ± 61.6 | ||
| N2% * | F=2.88 p=0.096 |
−5.9 d=0.46 (−13.4, 2.1) |
||||
| Median (IQR) | 56.3 (48.0-62.3) | 51.5 (45.0-54.1)# | 56.4 (48.5-67.4) | 58.1 (48.8-66.2) | ||
| Mean ± SD | 55.0 ± 10.3 | 49.0 ± 10.6 | 57.8 ± 12.7 | 57.6 ± 12.3 | ||
| N3 time* (min) |
F=8.08
p=0.006 |
25.1 d=0.77 (4.7, 45.4) |
||||
| Median (IQR) | 50.5 (27.5-101.5) | 88.5 (54.0-130.5)# | 54.8 (16.8-85.9) | 56.8 (17.5-88.0) | ||
| Mean ± SD | 74.3 ± 62.3 | 99.4 ± 75.6 | 55.0 ± 42.6 | 55.0 ± 37.1 | ||
| N3% * | F=1.87 p=0.18 |
3.3 d=0.37 (−2.3, 8.9) |
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| Median (IQR) | 16.9 (8.7-28.4) | 23.6 (13.4-29.6)# | 17.0 (4.5-22.4) | 15.8 (5.1-24.4) | ||
| Mean ± SD | 19.7 ± 14.8 | 24.3 ± 15.7 | 14.7 ± 10.9 | 16.0 ± 11.1 | ||
| REM time* (min) | F=1.76 p=0.19 |
14.1 d=0.36 (−10.4, 38.6) |
||||
| Mean ± SD | 49.5 ± 24.3 | 60.2 ± 39.8 | 56.7 ± 30.3 | 53.3 ± 33.6 | ||
| REM % * | F=0.98 p=0.33 |
2.7 d=0.27 (−3.7, 9.1) |
||||
| Mean ± SD | 13.3 ± 6.4 | 15.6 ± 10.3 | 15.3 ± 7.9 | 14.9 ± 9.1 | ||
| REM latency (min.) * | F=0.022 p=0.88 |
4.2 d=0.04 (−66.5, 74.9) |
||||
| Median (IQR) | 141.8 (100.5-293.1) | 139.0 (96.8-256.0) | 147.5 (83.5-207.0) | 123.8 (86.4-184.3) | ||
| Mean ± SD | 187.2 ± 111.7 | 175.1 ± 97.5 | 148.9 ± 74.5 | 133.2 ± 71.5 | ||
| Arousal Index * | F=0.22 p=0.44 |
−0.7 d=0.21 (−2.8, 1.4) |
||||
| Median (IQR) | 3.9 (3.3-5.9) | 3.3 (2.5-5.6) | 4.3 (3.1-5.8) | 3.9 (3.2-7.5) | ||
| Mean ± SD | 5.0 ± 3.6 | 4.5 ± 3.2 | 5.0 ± 2.7 | 5.2 ± 3.0 | ||
| AHI (events/hour) * | F=0.25 p=0.57 |
−0.6 d=0.16 (−2.9, 1.7) |
||||
| Median (IQR) | 0.2 (0-1.1) | 0.3 (0-3.3) | 0.4 (0-1.4) | 0 (0-2.0) | ||
| Mean ± SD | 1.5 ± 3.2 | 1.6 ± 2.7 | 0.9 ± 1.3 | 1.6 ± 4.0 | ||
| PLMS Index * | F=0.189 p=0.67 |
−2.7 d=0.12 (−17.3, 11.8) |
||||
| Median (IQR) | 1.1 (0.2-7.4) | 1.6 (0.5-16.7) | 2.3 (0.6-30.9) | 8.2 (0.9-31.7) | ||
| Mean ± SD | 8.2 ± 14.8 | 11.5 ± 18.5 | 16.1 ± 22.5 | 22.2 ± 32.6 | ||
| % REM with RWA * | F=0.49 p=0.49 |
−0.04 d=0.20 −0.2, 0.1) |
||||
| Median (IQR) | 21.0 (1.8-68.0) | 25.8 (5.3-70.7) | 19.6 (3.9-57.4) | 34.1 (5.6-70.9) | ||
| Mean ± SD | 34.5 ± 35.6 | 39.1 ± 26.5 | 30.8 ± 31.3 | 39.6 ± 33.9 | ||
| RBD * ^ | ||||||
| N (%) | 11 (42.3) | 13 (50) | 12 (46.2) | 17 (60.7) | NA | NA |
| PVT Mean RRT * ↑ | F=0.048 p=0.83 |
0.02 d=0.06 (−0.2, 0.2) |
||||
| Median (IQR) | 3.4 (3.1-3.9) | 3.4 (3.2-3.8) | 3.5 (3.2-3.8) | 3.4 (3.0-4.0) | ||
| Mean ± SD | 3.5 ± 0.5 | 3.5 ± 0.5 | 3.4 ± 0.7 | 3.5 ± 0.8 | ||
| PVT Lapses * ↓ | F=0.001 p=0.98 |
0.03 d=0.01 (−3.0, 3.1) |
||||
| Median (IQR) | 2.0 (1.0-4.0) | 1.5 (0-4.25) | 2.0 (0-4.75) | 2.0 (0-7.5) | ||
| Mean ± SD | 3.2 ± 3.8 | 2.6 ± 2.8 | 6.7 ± 16.8 | 6.1 ± 13.9 | ||
|
| ||||||
| PSQI * ↓ |
F=4.38
p=0.041 |
1.8 d=0.57 (−0.2, 3.8) |
||||
| Median (IQR) | 6.0 (5.0-9.0) | 6.0 (4.0-10.0) | 8.0 (5.0-10.75) | 6.0 (4.0-8.0)+ | ||
| Mean ± SD | 6.9 ± 3.5 | 7.0 ± 3.5 | 8.1 ± 3.5 | 6.4 ± 2.9 | ||
| ESS * ↓ | F=0.60 p=0.44 |
−0.7 d=0.21 (−2.9, 1.4) |
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| Mean ± SD | 9.44 ± 4.65 | 9.46 ± 5.20 | 7.39 ± 5.06 | 8.14 ± 5.19 | ||
| FSS * ↓ | F=0.11 p=0.737 |
−1.1 d=0.09 (−8.9, 6.7) |
||||
| Mean ± SD | 36.23 ± 11.57 | 34.74 ± 12.85 | 33.67 ± 11.13 | 33.33 ± 10.59 | ||
For values not normally distributed, median (IQR) and mean ± SD are shown;
*
No significant difference between values at baseline (p>0.05);
#
p<0.01 for within group change from pre-intervention to post-intervention;
+
p<0.05 for within group change from pre-intervention to post-intervention;
**
Mean difference in change between groups. Within group mean change, effect size, and 95% CI are shown in Supplemental Table 1.
^
RBD: >27% epochs of REM with RWA;
↑
=higher score is better;
↓
=lower score is better;
AHI: apnea hypopnea index; ESS: Epworth Severity Scale; FSS: Fatigue Severity Scale; N1: stage N1 sleep; N2: stage N2 sleep; N3: stage N3 sleep; PLMS: periodic limb movements; PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; PVT: psychomotor vigilance task; RBD: REM sleep behavior disorder; REM: rapid eye movement sleep; RWA: REM without atonia; WASO: wake after sleep onset